Zajrzyj do książki

Z TRADYCJI MNISZEJ
EWAGRIUSZ Z PONTU
O MODLITWIE
EWAGRIUSZ Z PONTU
O MODLITWIE
^fQW®MP
Z7PZY9TPŁNTZ]:84
@e`a®[^eSUZM®a&
;\^MO[cMZUQS^MqOfZQ&
5,9940ù
>QPMW`[^_Q^UU&
84.3,®?:8,>E2=:9:B>64:>-
5Y\^UYU\[`Q_`&:[LN_bZ-PYPOdV_dYëb
7Oe$#?dYTPNOYTL$
·8L]PV>ePWTRL:>-Z[L__dYTPNVT
BdOLYTP_]ePNTPv6]LVëb
'
!
"
(
#
$
$
"
%
%
"
$
!
)
&
%
$
!
)
&
*
%
!
"
)
%
&
….Z[d]TRS_QZ]_SP;ZWT^S_]LY^WL_TZY
Md?D940.BdOLbYTN_bZ-PYPOdV_dYëb
`W-PYPOdV_dĮ^VL"$#6]LVëb
_PW#!## $
_PWQLc#!## $
PXLTW%eLXZbTPYTL+_dYTPNNZX[W
bbb_dYTPNNZX[W
0^aWU[\^McM&?D940.BdOLbYTN_bZ-PYPOdV_dYëb
>;4>?=0ļ.4
@şDB,90>6=Ñ?D
B;=:B,/E0940
+
+
+
:8:/74?B40
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
+
+
/
+
+
+
+
+
+
0
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
3
+
+
/
+
+
+
+
+
+
4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
.
+
+
5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
?=ED=:E/E4,®D:8:/74?B40
1
8
3
2
1
2
0
3
1
9
.
/
0
1
2
3
/
4
.
5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
BD-Ñ=1=,2809?ÑBE499D.3?06>?ÑB
=
>
?
@
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
B
+
B
+
+
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
+
B
:[]LV_dNPFL^NP_dNeYPUH
/ZXYTNSëbXTP^eVLU§NdNSbPb^[ëWYZ_LNS
9L[ZXYTPYTLOWLOeTPbTNd
;ZO^_LbdŠdNTLXZYL^_dNeYPRZ
:]ëŠYdNS]ZOeLULNSe¯dNSXdŁWT
:ZŁXT`O`NSLNSe¯L
=ZebLŠLYTL
:MULŁYTPYTLOZ[^LWXëb
;L]PLYP_TN`^
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
B
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
+
+
+
B
B
+
+
+
+
+
B
B
B
+
+
B
B
B
+
B
B
B
+
,
+
-
7
:
,
;
<
!
!
!!
!!
!"
!#
!$
"
"
"
@śDB,90>6=Í?D
-PY[Z
-PbU^S
/M\O[SZ
0QYMXO[SU`
0Q[O`[_\U^U`
0Q[^
1\P[SY
1\
3Z
5Z<^[b
5Z<_
7Q\TSZ
<^
>Q^Y[Z^M`
?QZ`QZ`UMQMPY[ZMOT[_v0[YZUOTëcYUQ_fWM
V§OeOTcQc_\ëXZ[`MOT
-PbU^SUZQYv:M\[YZUQZUQPXMPfUQcUOe
/M\U`MO[SZ[_OU`UbM?WQYYM`M
0QYMXUSZU_O[SU`M`U[ZUNa_v;^ëŠZeOT^[PfMVMOT
f®eOTYeŁXU
0Q [O`[ _\U^U`UNa_ YMXU`UMQ v ; [ŁYUa PaOTMOT
f®M
0Q[^M`U[ZQv;Y[PXU`cUQ
?Q^Y[_UbQP[SYM`UOMQ\U_`aXMPQ_MZO`U__UYM`^U
ZU`M`Q1\U_`aXMqPQXMQ8D55
1\U_`aXMQ8D55v8U_`e1cMS^Ua_fMf<[Z`a
3Z[_`UOa_v;\[fZMZUa
?OT[XUMUZ<^[bQ^NUM
?OT[XUMUZ<_MXY[_
7Q\TMXMUMSZ[_`UOM
<^MO`UOa_v;\^MW`eOQGM_OQ`eOfZQVI
>Q^aYY[ZMOTMXUaY^M`U[ZQ_v<[P_`MceŠeOUM
Y[ZM_`eOfZQS[
C
C
B;=:B,/E0940
6TPOd NSNPXd [ZbLŠYTP XëbTú Z XZOWT_bTP
YTP XZŠYL [ZXTY§ú XT^_]eëb ŠdNTL O`NSZbPRZ
BYL^ePU_]LOdNUTUPOYLVYLUNe«ŁNTPUXdŁWT^T«bëb
NeL^ Z [T^L]eLNS Z^_L_YTNS bTPVëb ULV Łb 5LY ZO
6]edŠLŁb?P]P^LŁb4RYLNd7ZdZWLPbPY_`LWYTP
XT^_dVLNSŁ]POYTZbTPNeYdNS_LVTNSULVŁb-P]YL]O
Łb -ZYLbPY_`]L 5LY ?L`WP] 8T^_]e 0NVSL]_ 5LY
=`d^M]ZPNV 3PY]dV >`eZ ŀbTLONed _Z UPOYLV
Z _dX ULV OLWPVZ ZOP^eWTŁXd ZO _]LOdNUT :UNëb
6ZŁNTZ¯L8`^TXd[LXT«_LúŠP_ZZYT[TP]b^TV¯LO
WT [ZObLWTYd [ZO ]ZebLŠLYTL YL _PXL_ XZOWT_bd
;ZU«NTPXZOWT_bdULVZ]ZeXZbde-ZRTPXeLbOeT«
NeLXd Y[ Łb 6WPXPY^ZbT ,WPV^LYO]dU^VTPX`
44444 b Z NedX XZŠP YTPbTPW` e YL^ bTP
@ :UNëb ^T«RLXd OZ Ned^_PRZ Ş]ëO¯L e V_ë]PRZ
XZŠYLNeP][LúeO]Zb§YL`V«B[ëŞYTPU^edNSbTP
VLNS^d^_PXL_dNeYL]PrPV^UL_PZWZRTNeYLbd_bZ]ed
¯L^bZT^_§kbTPOe«tYL_PXL_XZOWT_bd`UX`U§NU§
b^NSPXL_dT^d^_PXd5POYZNePŁYTPYL^_§[T¯ZZOPU
ŁNTP ZO L`_PY_dNeYPRZ OZŁbTLONePYTL BdV¯LO YL
_PXL_ XZOWT_bd ^_L¯ ^T« ]LNUZYLWT^_dNeY§ ]PrPV^U§
$
eP^_LbTLYTPX T [Z]ëbYdbLYTPX ]ZeXLT_dNS eOLĮ
T Z[TYTT bNePŁYTPU [ZOLbLYdNS MPe ZOYTP^TPYTL
OZ Z^ZMT^_PRZ ŠdbPRZ OZŁbTLONePYTL XZOWT_bd
BdXTPYTPYT XT^_]eZbTP XZOWT_bd YL ELNSZOeTP
X`^TPWT []ePNSZOeTú YTPULVZ YL YZbZ O]ZR« Z^Z
MT^_dNS OZŁbTLONePĮ NeL^PX bM]Pb [LY`U§NdX
bëbNeL^[ZRW§OZX_PZWZRTNeYdX
ELNeL^ëb:UNëb;`^_dYTYLOPb^ed^_VZWTNed
¯L^T«[]LV_dVLXZOWT_bdLb^ePWVL]PrPV^ULUPOdYTP
XTL¯LUPU[ZXLRLúLMd^LXLXZOWT_bLMd¯LUP^eNeP
Ned^_^eL T []LbOeTb^eL 0bLR]T`^e e ;ZY_` `bL
ŠLYd eL [TP]b^ePRZ e :UNëb ;`^_dYT V_ë]d [T^L¯
^bZUP XdŁWT NeP][TP e OZŁbTLONePYTL Z^ZMT^_PRZ
ULV T ^bZTNS M]LNT YL [`^_dYT ;ëŞYTPU^T [T^L]eP
ŁbTLOZXTP W`M YTP ML]OeZ Ne«^_Z ZOYZ^e§ ^T« OZ
UPRZXdŁWTTeYTPUNeP][T§[ZO^_LbZbP]Ze]ëŠYTPYTL
T[ZU«NTL?]`OYZb¯LŁNTbTP[]ePNPYTúUPRZb[¯dbYL
[ëŞYTPU^eP_]LV_L_dZXZOWT_bTPBL]_ZXZŠP_dWVZ
b^[ZXYTPú5LYL6L^ULYLV_ë]dbO`ŠPUXTP]ePNeP]
[L¯ e OZ]ZMV` 0bLR]T`^eL EL UPRZ [ZŁ]POYTN_bPX
XdŁWT0bLR]T`^eL[]eP^e¯dOZNL¯PU_]LOdNUTeLNSZO
YTPUNePRZbO`ŠdX^_Z[YT`YTPUP^_PŁXdŁbTLOZXT
BYZbdXVZY_PVŁNTP[ZU«úbYZbdXVWTXLNTPO`
NSZbdX [TP]bZ_YL XdŁW ;ZY_dUNedVL eZ^_L¯L []ed
_dXeXTPYTZYL9LbP__P^LXP^QZ]X`¯ZbLYTLeLNe«
¯deYLNedúNZŁTYYPRZ
D
;TP]b^eL_]`OYZŁúULVL^T«YL^`bL[]edWPV_`
]eP_PV^_ëb0bLR]T`^eL[ZWPRLYLTYYdX]Ze`XTP
YT` ^LXPRZ ^¯ZbL kXZOWT_bLt B YL^ePU _]LOdNUT
[ZU«NTP_ZXLML]OeZ^eP]ZVTeLV]P^eYLNePYTZbd
/ZXZOWT_bdeLWTNedXdXT«OedTYYdXTkXZOWT_b«
NSë]Zb§tNedWT7T_`]RT«RZOeTYZOXLbTLY§b^[ëW
YTP/WL0bLR]T`^eLUP^__Z[^LWXZOTLNedWT]PNd
_LNUL [^LWXëb V_ë]§ ZO]ëŠYTL ZY ZO ^LXPU XZO
WT_bd/Z_dNed_Ze]P^e_§YTP_dWVZ0bLR]T`^eLLWP
^eP]^ePU _]LOdNUT XZYL^_dNeYPU @ Łb -PYPOdV_L
>QSaXQZOYLUO`UPXde`[P¯YTPTYYPZV]PŁWPYTLZO
YZ^e§NP^T«OZWT_`]RTTv[\a_0QUL^LXLXZOWT_bL
v[^M`U[_Z_dWPNZMdŁXdOeT^TLUZV]PŁWTWTXTLYPX
kXZOWT_bd `^_YPUt _LVT UP^_ e]P^e_§ Ş]ëO¯Z^¯ëb
^¯ZbL[^M`U[vXZbLOL]XZbd`^_YL[]ZŁMLXZO
WT_bL []ePXZbL ;ZOZMYTP XZOWT_b§ YTP UP^_ OWL
0bLR]T`^eL XPOd_LNUL LYT XQO`U[ PUbUZM v Ned_LYTP
;T^XLŀbT«_PRZ8dOeT^TLUX`^TXdOZOLbLúZV]P
ŁWPYTPLMd^[]PNdeZbLúZNZNSZOeTOWL^_L]ZŠd_
YdNS]ëŠYTNLMd¯LZNedbT^_L
B¯LŁNTbTP_]ePMLMd[ZbTPOeTPúŠP^¯ZbZkXZO
WT_bLt[Z^TLOL]ëŠYPeYLNePYTLBdZO]«MYTUXd_]ed
V_ë]PM«O§OWLYL^T^_Z_YP%
8ZOWT_bLb^eP]ZVTXeYLNePYT`ULVZb^ePWVTP
ZOYTP^TPYTP^T«OZ-ZRL^¯ZbPXW`MRP^_PX
8ZOWT_bL ULVZ YL^e bd^T¯PV [ZOPUXZbLYP
OeTL¯LYTL LMd []LbOeTbTP ^_LY§ú []ePO -ZRTPX
TbPUŁúe9TXbŠdbdVZY_LV_
8ZOWT_bLbŁNT^¯dXeYLNePYT`ULVZkZMNZbL
YTP`Xd^¯`e-ZRTPXtULV_ZZV]PŁWL0bLR]T`^e
:_ëŠ 0bLR]T`^eZbT e ;ZY_` NSZOeT UPOdYTP
Z XZOWT_b« b _dX _]ePNTX eYLNePYT` T NSZNTLŠ
eVZYTPNeYZŁNTZOYZ^T^T«ZYNeL^PXOZO]`RTPRZ
eYLNePYTL XZOWT_bd ]Ze`XTLYPU ULVZ [ZOPUXZ
bLYLNedYYZŁúV_ë]L[ZbTYYLMdú^_L¯§[]LV_dV§
XYTNSL _Z UPOYLV eLb^eP NSZOeT X` Z^_L_PNeYTP
ZXZOWT_b«bUPUŁNT^¯dXeYLNePYT`B_dXVZY_PV
ŁNTPXZŠPXdeZMLNedú[ZbT§eLYTPXT«OedTYYdXT
[ZMZŠYdXT[]LV_dVLXTLXZOWT_b§:_ëŠeL]ëbYZ
WT_`]RTL ULV XPOd_LNUL T Ned_LYTP ;T^XL ŀbT«_PRZ
[]edRZ_Zb`U§ b¯LŁNTb§ XZOWT_b« 2L]MTPW -`YRP
[T^ePYL_PY_PXL_%
1LV_ŠPXZOWT_bLZM_`ª\aVQeLb^eP[Z[^LWXZOTTM§OŞ
XPOd_LNUT Ned _PŠ `NePYT` ^T« YL [LXT«ú MTMWTUYPRZ
_PV^_`bd]LŞYTP`bTOLNeYTLŠPNSZOeTbYTPUeL^LO
YTNeZZ[P\[cUQPŞNe¯ZbTPVLYL`^¯d^eLYPbPQ]LRXPY
NTP;T^XL-ZŠPbPebLYTP>¯ZbZ-ZŠPT^¯ZbZW`OeVTP
_bZ]e§b_PY^[Z^ëMPUMX[S[ZXT«Oed-ZRTPXLNe¯Z
bTPVTPX b V_ë]dX TYTNUL_dbL YLWPŠd OZ >_bë]Nd
0bLR]T`^e _]LQYTP bT«N XëbT []ed ZVLeUT XZOWT_bd
Z ]ZeXLbTLYT` 0Q [^ \^[cMPfQZUa f WUYŁ
PUMX[Sa;ZYTPbLŠXZOWT_bL^VTP]ZbLYLUP^_OZ-ZRL
OZVZY`UP^T«b[P¯YPUNeNTOU_feTYTPb[ZedNUT^TPOe§
NPU WPNe _`[V§OQV V_ë]PU _ZbL]ed^ed M«O§NP bd]LePX
`bTPWMTPYTLTLOZ]LNUT[LOYT«NTPYLeTPXT«
E
EZMLNeXd ŠP U`Š ^LXZ ^VZUL]ePYTP [Z^_Lbd
eXZOWT_b§UP^_`YL^e`[P¯YTPTYYPYTŠ`0bLR]T`^eL
;Z^_LbL VW«Ne§NL ULVZ [Z^_LbL XZOWT_PbYL `[Z
b^ePNSYT¯L^T«YLELNSZOeTPOZ[TP]ZbŁ]POYTZbTP
Ne` eXTPYTLU§N UPOYZNePŁYTP ^PY^ YL^ePRZ MdNTL
[]ePO -ZRTPX ?Z XTL¯Z [ëŞYTPU ZR]ZXYP VZY^P
VbPYNUP
/WL0bLR]T`^eLTNL¯PUb^NSZOYTPU_]LOdNUTXZYL
^_dNeYPUXZOWT_bLXL^bZUPXTPU^NPb^P]N`V_ë]P
UP^_^dXMZWTNeYdXXTPU^NPXbNe¯ZbTPV`bV_ë]dX
eYLUO`UP ^T« `Xd^¯ v U§O]Z UPRZ Z^ZMd ;]ed NedX
k`Xd^¯tOWL0bLR]T`^eLYTPUP^_[Z[]Z^_`]Ze`XPX
ULVMdŁXd[]ed[`^eNeLWTWPNe_dXNZbd]LŠLYL^eP
[ZOZMTPĮ^_bZ OZ -ZRL YL^eP Z^ZMZbP T^_YTPYTP
ZV_ë]dXXëbTZ[T^^_bZ]ePYTLNe¯ZbTPVLeZM=Oe
!Y 5LVZ ZM]Le -ZŠd `Xd^¯ [ZeZ^_LUP YTP _dWVZ
^_L_dNeYTPZOYTP^TZYdOZ-ZRLWPNe]ëbYTPŠOdYL
XTNeYTPZ_bL]_dYL5PRZMWT^VZŁú8ZŠYL[ZbTPOeTPú
bT«NPU%ZOYLUO`UP^T«b[P¯YTUPOdYTPb-ZR`b^[Z_
VLYT`e9TX8ZOWT_bL[Zb]LNLOZk¯ZYLt_ZeYL
2,=-407-@9209[PXU`cMPaOTM!YFb%H2,=-407-@920
1cMS^Ua_ff<[Z`avYU_`^fŠeOUMPaOT[cQS[6]LVëb$$#^$v!
NedOZ`Xd^¯`OZ^P]NLOZYLUR¯«M^ePRZeLVLXL]VL
Ne¯ZbTPVLOZNPY_]`XUPRZZ^ZMZbZŁNT_LXROeTP
b ^bPU T^_ZNTP UP^_ ZY U`Š _dWVZ [`cM^OUQY ZM .[SM
OM\Md0QUvNed^_§b]LŠWTbZŁNT§T[]LRYTPYTPX-ZRL
-ZŠdX[ZOZMTPĮ^_bPXV_ë]P_dWVZb_POd]ePNedbT
ŁNTPVQ_`ROd^[Z_dVL^bëUM^OTQ`e\
F
/Z_LVTPRZk`XTPU^NZbTPYTLtXZOWT_bdYLbT§eL¯
Z^_L_YTZ6L_PNSTeX6ZŁNTZ¯L6L_ZWTNVTPRZ%
>P]NPUP^_XTP^eVLYTPXbV_ë]dXUP^_PXROeTP[]eP
MdbLXbPO¯`Rbd]LŠPYTL^PXTNVTPRZW`MMTMWTUYPRZ%
ROeTP ke^_«[`U«t 5P^_ YL^edX `V]d_dX NPY_]`X
YTP`NSbd_YdX OWL YL^ePRZ ]Ze`X` LYT OWL TYYdNS&
UPOdYTP/`NS-ZŠdXZŠPUPeR¯«MTúT[ZeYLú5P^_ZYZ
XTPU^NPXOPNdeUTbR¯«MTYL^edNSbPbY«_]eYdNSO§
ŠPĮ5P^_XTPU^NPX[]LbOdbV_ë]dXbdMTP]LXdŠdNTP
W`MŁXTP]ú5P^_XTPU^NPX^[Z_VLYTLLWMZbTPXYL^eP
ŠdNTP`V^e_L¯_ZbLYPYLZM]Le-ZŠdXLNSL]LV_P]]PWL
NdUYd%^P]NPUP^_XTPU^NPX[]edXTP]eL666 !
>PY^PX NL¯PRZ YL^ePRZ bd^T¯V` UP^_ ^[Z_VLYTP
e -ZRTPX b ^P]N` ?PX` ^¯`Šd Y[ [^LWXZOTL 9TP
NSZOeT b YTPU Z k[]Z^_P [Zb_L]eLYTP ŁbT«_dNS _PV
^_ëb YLbP_ ROdMd OZVZYdbL¯Z ^T« b ^_Z^ZbYdX
^V`[TPYT`T`bLOeP.SZOeTZeYLNeYTPbT«NPU;^LWX
UP^_OWL0bLR]T`^eL[]ePOPb^ed^_VTXkYL_NSYTZYdX
[]ePe/`NSL[Z`NePYTPXtZ_LUPXYTNedXOeTL¯LYT`
-ZRL :OebTP]NTPOWL ^T« b YTXbTPWZ]LVL b ^bdNS
[]ePULbLNSX§O]ZŁú>_bë]Nd-ZRL7ZRZ^`V_ë]PRZ
`V]d_PkXdŁWTt[Z_]Lq[ZeYLúUPOdYTPZNed^eNeZYd
eLWTPY`U§NdNSYLXT«_YZŁNT`Xd^¯t F
B _PY ^[Z^ëM eL^LOYTNe§ [Z^_Lb§ [ZONeL^ ZO
XLbTLYTL [^LWXëb [ZbTYYZ Mdú b^¯`NSLYTP ^T«
b _]PŁNT ULVTP eL [ZXZN§ ^bZUPRZ ^¯ZbL -ëR OZ
YL^ VTP]`UP ?LV []ePŠdbLYL WT_`]RTL []edRZ_Zb`UP
^P]NPYLZO[ZbTPOŞeYL^ePU^_]ZYdULV§UP^_XZOWT
_bL0bLR]T`^eeLŁb6WPXPY^PX,WPV^LYO]dU^VTX
[Zb_L]eL% k8ZOWT_bL UP^_ XëbTPYTPX `Xd^¯` OZ
-ZRLt0Q[^ ;]edNedXYL^eP^¯ZbZkXëbTP
YTPt YTP ZOOLUP [P¯YPU R¯«MT R]PNVTPRZ ZV]PŁWPYTL
T[YUXUMT¯LNTĮ^VTPRZO[ZbQ^_M`U[V_ë]PZeYLNeLU§kMWT
^VTP[Z`QL¯PZMNZbLYTPeL]ëbYZqfeOfZ§NXU_W[ŁúULV
]ëbYTPŠYTP^V]«[ZbLYPNQf\[Ł^QPZUQYëcUQZUQt
ULVTPRZVZWbTPV[ZŁ]POYTN_bL
G
H
I
J
EW`OeVTPU^_]ZYdYTPeM«OYdXbL]`YVTPX_LV[Z
`QYPU]ZeXZbde-ZRTPXUP^_[Ofe_fOfQZUQePb^ePWVTNS
YLXT«_YZŁNT V_ë]P ZOOLWLU§ Ne¯ZbTPVL ZO >_bë]Nd
YLbP_bQZ]XTPZMYUª`ZQVYeŁXU/TLWZRe-ZRTPXXL
OZVZYdbLú^T«[]ePNTPŠkMPeULVTPRZVZWbTPV[ZŁ]PO
YTN_bLt`cM^f§ c `cM^fULVbbd[LOV`8ZUŠP^eL
/WL_PRZXZOWTú^T«ZeYLNeLkbYTPXL_P]TLWYd^[Z^ëM
?LXŠP^Y
;Z]670809>,706>,9/=D5>647[NUQ^OQA44$!
2,=-407-@9209[PXU`cMPaOTM^ K
[ZO§ŠLúV`9TPXL_P]TLWYPX`t0Q[^!"LbT«NMPe
b^ed^_VTNS eLNeP][YT«_dNS e XL_P]TLWYPRZ ŁbTL_L
ZM]LeëbTbdZM]LŠPĮ
>_§O_PŠ^_LUP^T«UL^YPNZXLYLXdŁWT0bLR]T`^e
ROdb[]ePNTbTPĮ^_bTPOZ[^LWXZOTTZV]PŁWLXZOWT
_b«ULVZk[]PW`OT`XOZYTPXL_P]TLWYPRZTYTPe¯ZŠZ
YPRZ[ZeYLYTLt0Q[^# k9TPXL_P]TLWYPRZtROdŠ
-ëRYTPYLWPŠdOZXL_P]TLWYPRZŁbTL_LLkYTPe¯ZŠZ
YPRZtROdŠb[]ePNTbTPĮ^_bTPOZ^_bZ]ePĮZV]PŁWZ
YdNSbPO¯`RqWZeZqT^_L]ZŠd_YPU[]ePeWTNeM«T[Z
WTXZ]qeXUP^_:Yb^bPUT^_ZNTPbYTPY`XP]dNeYd
^[Z^ëM5POYZŁNT§TeL]LePX?]ëUN§
F
B_dXXTPU^N`[]ed[ZXTYL^T«YLXŁb5LYZO
6]edŠLeUPRZNTPXY§YZN§TZO]e`NLYTPXb^ePWVTNS
bdZM]LŠPĮ V_ë]P UPOdYTP []eP^eVLOeLU§ b []Lb
OeTbdX ^[Z_VLYT` ^T« e -ZRTPX YTPbTOeTLWYdX
BYL^edX^VZUL]ePYT`_LV]Ze`XTLYLXZOWT_bL_Z
XT^_dVLV_ë]LUP^_eL]PeP]bZbLYLUPOdYTPOWLbdM]L
YdNS9L_ZXTL^_OWLkYL^^LXdNStXZOWT_bL[]ePOP
b^ed^_VTX[ZWPRLYLZMZbT§eV`ZOXLbTLYTL[LNTP
]eLW`MTYYdNSeYLYdNSXZOWT_bM§OŞVTP]ZbLYTPOZ
-ZRL^bZTNSZ^ZMT^_dNS[]ëŁM;]edNedXT^_Z_YLUP^_
^LXL [P]^[PV_dbL b ULVTPU XëbT ^T« Z XZOWT_bTP
8ZOWT_bLb[Z_ZNeYdX[ZOPUŁNT`UP^_ZMZbT§eVTPX
EZM2,=-407-@9209[PXU`cMPaOTM^!Y[Z]1\P[SY
YYZ]Le7Q\TSZA4v
!
XZ]LWYdXL_dX^LXdX[PbY§eLOLY§OZbdVZYL
YTLNedYYZŁNT§
@0bLR]T`^eLYL_ZXTL^_ULVbTOeTXdXZOWT_bL
UP^_ ebTPĮNePYTPX UP^_ NPWPX OZ V_ë]PRZ eXTP]eL
NL¯P W`OeVTP ŠdNTP :NedbTŁNTP v Z^T§RLXd _PY NPW
OeT^TLUYLXTL]«ULVLUP^_YLXOLYL9L^eP^[Z_VL
YTPe-ZRTPXUP^__LVTPULVTPUP^_YL^ePZMPNYPŠdNTP
b^[ë¯R]LeYL^edXT[]LbOeTbdXTO§ŠPYTLXT[]LR
YTPYTLXT^P]NL_dXNedXbT^_ZNTPŠdUPXd%
8ZOWT_bLUP^_OeTL¯LYTPXV_ë]PZO[ZbTLOLRZOYZŁNT
`Xd^¯`LWMZUP^_b[]Z^_UPRZYLUbdŠ^e§TYLUNed^_^e§
LV_dbYZŁNT§0Q[^#
8ZOWT_bdYTPXZŠYLeL_PXZO]dbLúZO^LXPRZ
ŠdNTLYTPUP^_ZYLUPOY§eVZWPUYdNSNedYYZŁNTULVTP
XLXdbNT§R`OYTL[ZOPUXZbLú:YLUP^_eL]ëbYZ
NPWPXULVTZbZNPXYL^ePRZŠdNTL9TPXZŠP^T«OZ
M]ePXZOWTú_PYV_ZYZ^Tb^P]N`e¯PYLXT«_YZŁNT
YL^_LbTPYTL e¯ZŁú Ned YTPYLbTŁú ?]PŁNT§ XZOWT_bd
YTPXZŠPMdúe¯Z%
ELMTPRLUZ_ZMdb^bPUXZOWT_bTPYTPXZOWTú^T«
OUcVZX`Ł;]ePe_Z^LXeYT^eNed¯MdŁ_ZNZM`O`UP^e
LXZOWT_b«`NedYT¯MdŁZO]LŠLU§N§0Q[^
L
M
N
O
P
/WL 0bLR]T`^eL ML]OeZ bLŠYL [ZeZ^_LUP []LV
_dVL ŠdNTL O`NSZbPRZ V_ë]L ZMPUX`UP b^ed^_VTP
OeTPOeTYdŠdNTLOeT^TLUMdúXZŠP[ZbTPOeTPWTMdŁXd%
b¯LŁNTbLSTRTPYLŠdNTL5PŠPWTYL^edXNPWPXUP^_MPe
"
[ZŁ]POYTP^[Z_VLYTPe-ZRTPX_ZbYL^ePU[]LV_dNP
O`NSZbPUNSZOeT[]ePOPb^ed^_VTXZbdVZ]ePYTPYTP
YLXT«_YZŁNTT[ZŠ§OLĮV_ë]P^§^[]ePNeYPe^e`VL
YTPX-ZRL9TPNSZOeTUPOdYTPZZO]e`NPYTPb^ePW
VTNS e¯dNS []LRYTPĮ LWP b^ed^_VTPRZ _PRZ NZ YL^
eMd_YTZbT§ŠPeP^[]LbLXTOZNeP^YdXTTNZV^e_L¯
_`UPYL^e`Xd^¯bPO¯`ROZNeP^YdNSbdZM]LŠPĮ:YP
MZbTPX ^_LU§ YL []eP^eVZOeTP OZ MPe[ZŁ]POYTPRZ
^[Z_VLYTL8ZOWT_bLUP^_[P¯YdXZ^ZMZbdX^[Z_VL
YTPXTOWL_PRZYLWPŠd[]ePV]ZNedúYL^ePYLbP_YLU
ML]OeTPU^`M_PWYPXdŁWTTbdZM]LŠPYTLV_ë]PeT^_Z_d
eLb^eP ^§ []ePOXTZ_ZbP L UPOYZNePŁYTP eL^¯LYTLU§
OZ^_«[ OZ ?PRZ V_ë]d UP^_ YTPbdZM]LŠLWYd B XZ
OWT_bTP ULVZ YL^edX bd^T¯V` NSZOeT eL_PX Z ^_L¯P
Z_bTP]LYTP^T«YL?PRZV_ë]d5P^_.SZOeTZZ^ZMZbP
Z_bL]NTPYLZMPNYZŁú:MPNYPRZLMdOZ^e¯ZOZkZM
NZbLYTLMdNTL]LePXt0Q [^ 5LVZ_LVLXZOWT
_bLUP^_k[]ePO_LV_PXt[ZeLXL_P]TLWYPRZ[ZeYLYTL
YTPXL_P]TLWYPRZ-ZRL>_LYZbTb]«NeZRW§O`TQ[^UM
?PRZV_ë]PRZŠLOYPZVZYTPUP^_b^_LYTPeZMLNedú
@UX`U§N]ePNeUP^eNePŁNTŁWPU%ZbZkMZ^VTP[ZeYLYTPt
b XZOWT_bTP XL U`Š NSL]LV_P] kT^_Z_Zbdt a_U[PQ_
0Q[^"&[Z]_ZeYLNedOZ_dVL^LXPRZZ^ZMZ
bPRZMd_`-ZRLT_ZMPe[ZŁ]POYTN_bLULVTNSVZWbTPV
^_bZ]ePĮt!
F
!
#
2,=-407-@9209[PXU`cMPaOTM^$
EVZWPTXZOWT_bLULVZYL^ebd^T¯PVUP^_YTP`^_LY
Y§bLWV§ePb^ed^_VTXNZYL^ZO_PRZNPW`ZOOLWL
@0bLR]T`^eLZOYLUO`UPXdbTPWP[]LV_dNeYdNS`bLR
OZ_dNe§NdNS b¯LŁNTbdNS [Z^_Lb bZMPN ]ZeXLT_dNS
[]eP^eVëOULVTP^T«[ZULbTLU§YLO]ZOePXZOWT_bd%
/PXZYML]OeZeLeO]ZŁNTNe¯ZbTPVZbTV_ë]d^T«XZO
WTT`ŠdbLb^ePWVTNS^[Z^ZMëbMdYTPZ^T§RY§¯eLXTP
]eZYPRZNPW`9TP[]eP^_LUPbT«NeL[ZXZN§[LXT«NT
beM`OeLúXdŁWTZ]ëŠYdNS^[]LbLNSLeL[ZXZN§NTL
¯LbeYTPNLúb^ed^_VTPYLXT«_YZŁNT_LVLMd[]eP^eVZ
OeTúvYLTWP_ZXZŠWTbPvbUPRZb^[LYTL¯dXMTPR`
Tb«O]ëbNPV`-ZR`0Q[^"!
BTYYdNS_]LV_L_LNS0bLR]T`^eZXLbTLNL¯§^`M
_PWYZŁúOeTL¯LYTLkOPXZYëbt"NedWTe¯dNSO`NSëb
V_ë]P YL^ ZObZOe§ ZO b¯LŁNTbPRZ NPW` ULVTX UP^_
XZOWT_bL;]edNedXULV_bTP]OeT0bLR]T`^ebT^_Z
NTPV`^e§YL^b¯L^YPYLXT«_YZŁNTLOPXZYdUP^V]`
[`WL_YTP bdVZ]ed^_`U§ BLWVL e XdŁWLXT ]Ze`XTL
YdXTULVZbdZM]LŠPYTLTeLXd^¯dTO§NPeLYL^edXT
YLXT«_YZŁNTLXTUP^_[ZO^_LbZbdXeLOLYTPXXYT
NSLV_ë]dO§ŠdOZ[]LbOeTbPRZ^[Z_VLYTLe-ZRTPX
5PŠPWTVZRZŁ]LeTZV]PŁWPYTPkOPXZYtXZŠPb_dXXTPU^N`
b^_LbTúTYYPYTPXYTPU^LXZOZŁbTLONePYTP_PRZŠPROd^_LUPXd
OZXZOWT_bdb^ed^_VZYTPULVZ^T«^[]ed^T«RL[]ePNTbVZ_PX`NP
WZbTUP^_[Zb^ePNSYP/WL0bLR]T`^eL_P^T¯dZONT§RLU§NPYL^ZO
XZOWT_bdXLU§NSL]LV_P]Z^ZMZbd
"
$
9TPMPe[ZbZO`_PŠUPRZ^PY_PYNUPZXZOWT_bTP
]Ze[ZNedYLU§^T«ZOb^VLeLYTLYLXZOWT_b«¯Pe%
9LOPb^ed^_VZXëOW^T«ZOL]¯PeLMdŁ[]ePe^V]`NS«
eYT^eNed¯ b¯LŁNTb§ _bPU O`^ed eL_bL]OeTL¯ZŁú L [Z
bdeYLYT`vbM]Pb^ZMTPvYTP[]LbZŁNT[]ePO;LYPX
Z_]edXL^eZO9TPRZ[]ePMLNePYTP0Q[^ ;ZVZ]L T ^V]`NSL ^§ b¯LŁNTbdX VWTXL_PX XZO
WT_bd ?dWVZ bëbNeL^ XZOWT_bL _]LqL OZ -ZRL ?L
[]LbOLZOYZ^T^T«OZb^ed^_VTNSP_L[ëbXZOWT_Pb
YPRZŠdNTLB_POdXZŠWTbLUP^_[]LbOeTbLb^[ë¯[]L
NLe¯L^V§-ZŠ§V_ë]LZ^_L_PNeYTP[]ZbLOeTOZ^_LY`
M\M`QU[ZUXZbLYPRZULVZMPeYLXT«_YZŁúOZ^VZYL¯P
[ZeYLYTPLUPOYZNePŁYTPZ^ZMZbPZMNZbLYTP_bL]e§
b_bL]ee-ZRTPX%
8ZOWT_bTPb¯LŁNTbdUP^_^_LYMPeYLXT«_YZŁNTV_ë]d
eYLUbT«V^e§XT¯ZŁNT§[Z]dbLYLO`NSZb§Rë]«`Xd^¯
]ZeVZNSLYdbX§O]ZŁNT0Q[^ ?PY ^_LY ZMTPNLYd b V]ëWP^_bTP -ZŠdX YTP UP^_
b[P¯YTOZZ^T§RYT«NTLYLeTPXT?`_LUXZOWT_bLUP^_
OWLYL^bd^T¯VTPXZ_bTP]LYTL^T«YL-ZRL[ZŁ]ëOYTP
`^_LYYPUbLWVTeXdŁWLXT%
6_Z XT¯`UP -ZRL YTP`^_LYYTP []ePMdbL e 9TX ULV
e :UNPX ZO]e`NLU§N b^ePWV§ YLXT«_Y§ XdŁW 0Q [^
8ZOWT_bL[ZeZ^_LUPbT«N^_LWPOZZOV]dNTLYTP
`^_LYYTP MZbTPX [Z_]ePML YLX -ZRL T 5PRZ ¯L^VT
Md kbNSZOeTút b XZOWT_b« ,`_PY_dNeYdX []eP
ULbPX UPU ZMPNYZŁNT b YL^edX ŠdNT` UP^_ ]LOZŁú
?LVTX^_bTP]OePYTPX0bLR]T`^eVZĮNed^bëU_]LV_L_
ZXZOWT_bTP%
6TPOd^_LU§NOZXZOWT_bdOZeYLUP^e]LOZŁNTbT«V^ePU
YTŠb^ed^_VZTYYPb_POd[]LbOeTbTPZOV]d¯PŁXZOWT
_b«0Q[^ ?ZXTV YL^e eLbTP]L YTP _dWVZ _]LV_L_ 0bLR]T`^eL
e ;ZY_` ; Y[PXU`cUQ LWP ]ëbYTPŠ @^fe ^[fPfUM®e
[Y[PXU`cUQZ]LebdM]LYP^PY_PYNUPeTYYdNS5PRZ[T^X
;ZNSZOe§ZYPeZ[`MWTVZbLYPRZbYL^edXbdOLbYT
N_bTP_ZXTP%0B,2=4@>E E;:9?@<U_YMM_OQ`eOfZQ`[Y
[]ePV¯ 6 -407,B>64 8 2=E07,6 0 6ª/E4:=06
7 940ŀ.4:= , E40=94.64 b^_«[ T Z[] 7 940ŀ.4:=
6]LVëb $$# 9TPV_ë]P ^PY_PYNUP eYLWPŞWTŁXd b _Z
XTPZXLbTLU§NdXXdŁW0bLR]T`^eLe;ZY_`%2,-=407
-@920 1cMS^Ua_f f <[Z`a v YU_`^f ŠeOUM PaOT[cQS[
[]ePV¯5-0/9,=06,5,>?=Eª->64,E40=94.64]PO
7940ŀ.4:=6]LVëb$$#9L[ZO^_LbTP_PU[]LNdeZ
^_L¯_PŠZ[]LNZbLYdYTYTPU^edb^_«[
8LXd YLOeTPU« ŠP eLb^eP LV_`LWYP XdŁWT
0bLR]T`^eLe;ZY_`ZXZOWT_bTP]ZebLŠLYTLbd]L
^_LU§NP e Z^ZMT^_PRZ OZŁbTLONePYTL [ZXZR§ _LVŠP
OeT^TPU^ePX`.ed_PWYTVZbTbPUŁúR¯«MTPUbZ^ZMT^_§
]PWLNU«eŠdbdX-ZRTPX
>QPMWOVM