analiza - Prelite

Transkrypt

analiza - Prelite
analiza
analiza
Sondażowe wróżby,
czyli jak interpretować
badania opinii społecznej
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wyrok: ośrodki
badań manipulowały
sondażami
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analiza
analiza
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rzeczywistych sympatii
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współpraca: Paulina Goździewicz, Marta Woźniak
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