Eco-Energetic – Biogas. Research, Technologies, Law and

Eco-Energetic – Biogas. Research, Technologies, Law and

ECO-ENERGETIC – BIOGAS
RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGIES,
LAW AND ECONOMICS
IN BALTIC SEA REGION
BALTIC BIOGAS FORUM
th
th
17 -18 September 2012
Organizers
Baltic EcoEnergy Cluster
The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences
University of Warmia-Mazury
Koszalin University of Technology
Gdansk University of Technology
POMCERT
Gdansk School of Higher Education
IMPLASER
Programme Committee
Prof. Janusz Gołaszewski – Chairman, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland
Dr. Jan Cebula, Technical Univesity of Silesia, Poland
Assoc. Prof. Adam Cenian, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
Prof. Jan Hupka, Technical University Gdańsk, Poland
Prof. Michał Jasiulewicz, Technical University of Koszalin, Poland
Prof. Jan Kiciński, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Gdansk, Poland
Prof. Jan Popczyk, Technical University of Silesia, Poland
Prof. Józef Szlachta, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland
Dr. Andrzej Tonderski, POMCERT Gdansk, Poland
Prof. Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, University of Warmia and Mazury, Poland
Dr. Tadeusz Zimiński, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Gdansk, Poland
Organizing Committee
Prof. Adam Cenian – Chairman
Izabela Knitter – Secretary
Tadeusz Zimiński
The Szewalski Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gdansk, Poland
ECO-ENERGETIC – BIOGAS
RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGIES,
LAW AND ECONOMICS
IN BALTIC SEA REGION
EDITORS
ADAM CENIAN
JANUSZ GOŁASZEWSKI
TADEUSZ NOCH
Gdańsk 2012
Issue of publishing: Eco-Energetics
Ekoenergetyka – zagadnienia technologii, ochrony środowiska i ekonomiki (in Polish), wyd. 2010
Ekoenergetyka – biogaz i syngaz. Technologie, strategie rozwoju, prawo i ekonomika w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego
(in Polish), wyd. 2011
Eco-Energetics – Biogas and Syngas. Technologies, Legal Framework, Policy and Economics in Baltic See Region
(in English), wyd. 2011
REVIEWERS
dr inż. Jan Cebula
dr hab. inż. Adam Cenian
prof. dr hab. inż. Janusz Gołaszewski
prof. dr hab. inż. Jan Kiciński
prof. dr hab. inż. Jan Popczyk
prof. dr hab. Józef Szlachta
dr inż. Tadeusz Zimiński
Ekoenergetyka – biogaz. Wyniki badań, technologie, prawo i ekonomika w rejonie Morza Bałtyckiego,
(in Polish), wyd. 2012, ISBN 978-83-89762-41-2
The Publisher does not take responsibility for individual contents of papers
Technical editor and cover’s project
Tomasz Mikołajczewski
It takes photo on the cover from photo site Stock.XCHNG (www.sxc.hu)
Wydanie pierwsze, objętość 8,2 ark. wyd., Gdańsk 2012
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Mazowieckie Centrum Poligrafii, Marki, Piłsudskiego 2A, tel. +48 22 497 66 55, www.c-p.com.pl
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Mail order: [email protected]
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ISBN 978-83-89762-42-9
Content
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 7
Methane fermentation and co-fermentation processes .................................................................... 9
Biogas productivity during multicomponent co-fermentation
Katarzyna Bernat, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła............................................................................................... 10
The use of Anaerobic Digestion Model no. 1 (ADM1) for estimating of methane production
in agricultural biogas plant
Ireneusz Białobrzewski, Ewa Klimiuk, Marek Markowski, Katarzyna Bułkowska......................................... 16
Model agricultural biogas plant at the didactic and research station in Bałdy
Mirosław Krzemieniewski, Marcin Dębowski, Marcin Zieliński .................................................................... 26
Biogas production in fermentation and co-fermentation processes
Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Katarzyna Bernat............................................................................................... 33
Biogas technologies and installations ................................................................................................. 41
Two stages bioreactor for biogas production
Andrzej Grzegorz Chmielewski, Janusz Usidus, Jacek Palige, Otton Roubinek, Michał Zalewski ............... 43
Biogas upgrading using supported liquid membranes based on ionic liquids
Iwona Cichowska-Kopczyńska, Monika Joskowska, Bartosz Dębski, Robert Aranowski............................. 50
Catalytic materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells fuelled by biogas
Konrad Dunst, Maria Gazda, Bogusław Kusz, Piotr Jasiński ...................................................................... 58
Innovative technological solutions in the Electra® bio-energy power plant
Marek Kurtyka, Ola Łukaszek, Karol Bartkiewicz, Wojciech Łukaszek........................................................ 62
Environmental impacts of using renewable energy resources
Tadeusz Noch........................................................................................................................................... 68
Concepts for biomethane production
Michael Seiffert, Johan Grope, Stefan Rönsch .......................................................................................... 74
The perspectives of use of biogas as biofuel in transport sector in Poland
Barbara Smerkowska ................................................................................................................................ 80
Pyrolysis and gasification of biogas digestate
Dariusz Wiśniewski ................................................................................................................................... 87
A hybrid anaerobic reactor with a microwave heating system
Marcin Zieliński, Marcin Dębowski............................................................................................................. 92
Substrates for methane fermentation and utilization of digestate ................................................ 98
Algal biomass as an alternative substrate for biogas technologies – potential benefits and limitations
Marcin Dębowski, Marcin Zieliński........................................................................................................... 100
Biogas production from various silages
Vilis Dubrovskis, Aleksandrs Adamovics, Vladimirs Kotelenecs, Imants Plume, Eduards Zabarovskis...... 107
Usability of Beta vulgaris L. as substrate for an on-farm biogas plant
Anna Karwowska, Janusz Gołaszewski, Kamila Żelazna ......................................................................... 114
Digestion and co-digestion of distillery spent wash, cattle manure and maize silage
Ewa Klimiuk, Tomasz Pokój, Katarzyna Bułkowska, Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin....................................... 120
Processing of digestate from agriculture biogas plant and use as fertilizer
Aleksandra Urszula Kołodziej .................................................................................................................. 126
Production of Sida hermaphrodita Rusby-based Biomass as Co-substrate for Agricultural Biogas Plant
Jacek Kwiatkowski, Łukasz Graban, Waldemar Lajszner, Józef Tworkowski............................................ 137
Anaerobic co-digestion of white cabbage and sewage sludge
Justyna Łuczak, Piotr Dargacz, Robert Aranowski................................................................................... 147
Preserving of Virginia Fanpetals (Sida Hermaphrodita) Biomass Produced in Various Terms
of Harvesting Cycle
Cezary Purwin, Barbara Pysera, Maja Fijałkowska, Iwona Wyżlic ............................................................ 157
Virginia Fanpetal-based Digestion Residue used for Virginia Fanpetal Fertilization Purposes
Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Sławomir Krzebietke, Piotr Żarczyński ................................................................. 164
The potential and strategies for the biogas market development............................................... 173
The potential for biogass plants development – Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship as case study
Michał Jasiulewicz, Dorota Agnieszka Janiszewska................................................................................. 174
RZĘDÓW research and investment programme as a model of cooperation between business,
the scientific community, local government and the inhabitants
Marek Kurtyka, Ola Łukaszek, Karol Bartkiewicz, Wojciech Łukaszek...................................................... 176
Introduction
Eco-energetics is related to sustainable generation of electric and heat
energy. Only such production can be called sustainable when we consider the
interaction with environment and welfare of future generation. Even use of
renewable energy sources is not always sustainable, e.g. our mixed feelings raises
centralized energetics based on biomass resources, which leads to decrease of
combustion efficiency, problems with logistics, biomass market degeneration, etc.
Large objects on energy market purchasing large quantities of biomass, change and
degenerate its market, inhibiting development of local, distributed energetics,
which according to our knowledge is the most effective renewable energy system
that stimulates local economy and increases energy security. So, when considering
sustainable energetics, we should take into account resource (substrate) and energy
efficiency, biodiversity (e.g. in biomass production), influences on climate and
environment (pollutions), social and economic aspects (food security, heritages and
prosperity of local communities, market and energy security).
One option of the eco-energetics is related to biogas production, which is
supported by Governmental Program “Innovative Energy – Energy Agriculture”.
Plantation and utilization of energy plants may stabilize agricultural production and
bring considerable income, especially when standard agricultural production is
unstable and prices are low. Green energetics can stimulate Pomeranian economy,
especially in rural areas.
The goal of the Baltic Biogas Forum is to highlight the importance of
energy safety in Baltic cross-border regions through raising awareness and the
sustainable management of existing biomass and biogas sources (both agricultural
biomass and municipal waste). Biogas utilization in co-generation and by using
other technologies is another important issue. The Biogas Forum is organized by
Baltic Eco-Energy Cluster and its members, including: The Marshall Office of
Pomorskie Region, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish
Academy of Sciences, Gdansk University of Technology and Gdansk School of
Higher Education. The POMCERT and IMPLASER companies support these
institutions in matters of organization, especially in relations to other industrial
partners. Radio Gdańsk as well as the journals Czysta Energia have decided to take
over the media patronage. The event is organized under the honorary patronage of
the Marshal of Pomorskie Region.
The sessions of the Baltic Biogas Forum: scientific as well as session of
policy and capacity development are organized and supported by various national
and international projects, including EU BSR „Bioenergy Promotion 2” and
„Public Energy Alternatives”, both partly financed by the European Union
(European Regional Development Fund and European Neighbourhood and
Partnership Instrument), RPO WP 1.5.2 project „Support of creation and
7
development of cooperation relationships in the Key Cluster of Pomorskie Region
– Baltic EcoEnergy Cluster” partly financed by European Regional Development
Fund in frame of RPO WP during years 2007-2013, and the strategic program of
scientific research and experimental development of the National (Polish) Centre
for Research and Development: „Advances Technologies for Energy Generation”;
Task 4. „Elaboration of Integrated Technologies for the Production of Fuels and
Energy from Biomass as well as from Agricultural and other Waste Materials”.
8
BIOGAS PRODUCTIVITY
DURING MULTICOMPONENT CO-FERMENTATION
Katarzyna Bernat, Irena Wojnowska-Baryła
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,
Environmental Protection Biotechnology, 10-709 Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45 G
Abstract: The conducted research allowed for determination of the multicomponent
digestion course. It was proved that within the multicomponent system, the biogas
production curve run in the stages related to substrates biodegradability. For threecomponent systems, at the increasing percentage share of the silage maize from 6% to 19%
in relation to the distillery residue and the manure, the time of that stage I extended from
5.5 d for the lowest percentage share of silage maize up to 14 d for 19% of silage maize
content. The maximal biogas production during 21-day of the anaerobic digestion (test
GB21) of the mixture of manure, distillery residue and maize silage, regardless of the
percentage share of the silage maize in the feedstock composition at the end of both stage
I and stage II, maintained at the similar level at 130 dm3/kg OM and at 230 dm3/kg OM,
respectively
Introduction
Agricultural biogas plants serve an effective disposal arrangement for
residues originating from farmsteads i.e., slurry, manure as well as other food
industry residues such as distillery residue (slop), molasse or glycerine phase. Crop
biomass silage obtained from maize, beet, grasses may serve as the feedstock for
digestion chambers. Mixed types of biomass used in biogas plants should be
crushed and mixed well. Composition of the ultimate feedstock for digestion
chambers should also be specified since it is the output criterion use for designing
biogas facilities. Lignocellulosic substance such as silage and for instance a part of
manure (straw) is composed of three components i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and
lignin that are slightly anaerobic digestion-prone. Enzymatic hydrolysis of
lignocellulose is limited by crystallic structure of cellulose or lignin content
(Chang, Holtzapple 2000). Decrease of the particles and an increase of the
available surface are important in the case of the crystallic structure of cellulose
that needs a longer phase of hydrolysis (Zhang, Lynd 2004). Too high percentage
share of lignocellulosic matter in the mixed feedstock undergoing anaerobic
10
THE USE OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION MODEL NO. 1 (ADM1)
FOR ESTIMATING OF METHANE PRODUCTION
IN AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANT
1
2
Ireneusz Białobrzewski , Ewa Klimiuk ,
2
2
Marek Markowski , Katarzyna Bułkowska
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
1
Department of Systems Engineering
2
Department of Biotechnology in Environmental Protection
Abstract: The ADM1 model was used for estimation of methane production from
substrates as maize (Zea mays L.) and Miscanthus sacchariflorus silages and pig manure
as a co-substrate. The concentration of volatile solids in the feedstock was 114.3 kgCOD m-3
including cellulose 32.7 kgCOD m-3, hemicelluloses 26.2 kgCOD m-3 and lignin 10.2 kgCOD m-3.
The anaerobic digestion was carried out at HRT = 45 d and OLR = 2.1 g L-1d-1 in
a continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR). From obtained data it follows that for the
assumed cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin hydrolysis rates, such as 0.2318, 0.1995, and
0.042 d-1 respectively, the methane production rate was comparable to the model one.
1. Introduction
Mathematical modeling and computer simulation become recently a useful
tool for designing and processes optimization of systems in environmental
engineering. Simulation methods are an alternative to labour-consuming and costly
preliminary tests carried out at pilot stations or under technical conditions. Data
achieved through simulation can be used for planning full-scale wastewater
treatment and waste disposal plants or as an input database for controlling
operations performed by installations.
In 1997, International Water Association (IWA) Task Group for
Mathematical Modelling of Anaerobic Digestion Process presents the Anaerobic
Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1). The model is structured with disintegration and
hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis steps (Batstone et al.,
2002). Initially, ADM1 model was used for estimated biogas production from
sewage sludge in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The intensive
development of biogas plants in the European Union caused interest in application
of ADM1 model to simulate the biogas production from other substrates, including
16
MODEL AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANT
AT THE DIDACTIC AND RESEARCH STATION IN BAŁDY
Mirosław Krzemieniewski, Marcin Dębowski, Marcin Zieliński
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Department of Environmental Engineering, 10-719 Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 117 a
Abstract: This publication presents the Homestead Agricultural Biogas Plant
(HAGP) at the Didactic and Research Station of the University of Warmia and Mazury
located in Bałdy. The total area occupied by HAGP installations is 152 m2 (enclosed and
secured). The Biogas Plant is functionally integrated with technological facilities of the
Research Station in Bałdy, which are the recipient of heat produced in the biogas plant.
Fermented liquid manure and energy plant silages are used to feed the biogas plant.
Reactors are operated at a load of 2.0 kg DOM/m3·d. The hydraulic retention time is 40
days.
Introduction
Methane fermentation is a complex of anaerobic biochemical processes in
which macromolecular organic substances (above all, carbohydrates, proteins and
fats, and their derivatives) decompose to alcohols or lower organic acids and to
methane, carbon dioxide and water [1].
Four successive stages are distinguished in the methane fermentation
process. The first is enzymatic hydrolysis of complex organic substances with the
participation of enzymes produced by hydrolytic bacteria. Then acid fermentation
bacteria metabolize hydrolysis products to volatile fatty acids (mainly to the acetic,
butyric and propionic acids), ethanol and gas products. The next stage of biowaste
degradation is acetogenesis, during which a group of acetogenic bacteria
decomposes volatile fatty acids, above all, propionic and butyric acids, to acetic
acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The last stage is methanogenesis, during which
the actual conversion of acetic acid into methane and carbon dioxide takes place
[2, 3].
The final products of anaerobic processes are gases, mainly methane and
carbon dioxide. Sediments form as solid conversion products. Sediments contain
compounds hardly degradable or non-degradable by anaerobic bacteria and
bacterial biomass. It is estimated that around 95% of biodegradable organic
26
BIOGAS PRODUCTION
IN FERMENTATION AND CO-FERMENTATION PROCESSES
Irena Wojnowska-Baryła, Katarzyna Bernat
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Environmental Protection Biotechnology Department, 10-709 Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45 G
Abstract: The paper shows that application of modular system allows to increase
biogas production through co-digestion.
Introduction
The European Union Directive 2009/28/EC of 5 June 2009 makes Poland
accountable for achievement of 15% of renewable energy sources (RES) in the
final energy consumption by 2020. Biogas is one of the renewable energy sources
that can be directly or indirectly used for production of electric and thermal energy
or as transport fuel. Biogas is a product of anaerobic biochemical conversion.
The potential of available feedstock for agricultural biogas production is
estimated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development to total 5 500
million m3, out of which 1 962 million m3 from dedicated crops and residues, 1 700
million m3 from grassland and pastureland and 1 540 million m3 from agricultural
by-products. Among all the crops the best substrate for the biogas production is the
biomass with high hydrocarbon content, inter alia, silage maize, cereal mix, cerealand-leguminous crop mix, fodder crops, including fodder grass, as well as
grassland plants. In the agricultural biogas plants maize is the fundamental
substrate. This is due to a high yield potential (photosynthesis type C4), and a good
knowledge of the crop technology. After 20 days’ long digestion the biogas output
form maize silage approximates to 530-750 m3/t OM.
The food industry brings about 10 million Mg of organic waste (containing
proteins, fats, and hydrocarbons) on the annual basis. The average food industry
waste-derived biogas output ranges from 160 to 900 cm3/kg OM. The municipal
biodegradable solid waste fraction, including kitchen waste and green cuts, that is
selectively collected, becomes more and more significant as a substrate for codigestion. This is the composition, i.e. share of organic carbon and nitrogen content
33
TWO STAGES BIOREACTOR FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION
1,2
3
1
Andrzej Grzegorz Chmielewski , Janusz Usidus , Jacek Palige ,
1
1
Otton Roubinek , Michał Zalewski
1
Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, 03-195 Warsaw, 16 Dorodna Street
2
Warsaw University of Technology, Chemical and Process Engineering,
00-645 Warsaw, 1 Waryńskiego Street
3
Polish Electricians Association – Zamość, 22-400 Zamość, 6 Rynek Wielki
Abstract: In small technical scale the parameters of agriculture substrates maize
silage, manure and agriculture wastes fermentation in two stages bioreactor were
determined. The contents of methane in biogas was in interval 58-69 %. The yield of gas
was 0,35-0,45 m3/kg dry mass. The scheme of two stages cascade installation with 400 kW
power was presented.
Introduction
The legal requirements and steady increase in energy demand means that
there is a need to develop alternative energy (technologies such as nuclear power
and biotechnology, which do not lead to an increase of CO2 emission) to existing
energy sources based on the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. Energy
production using biogas obtained in anaerobic digestion of selected agricultural
products as well as agricultural and food wastes, is extremely important due to the
large Polish agricultural potential. At present in Poland are working about twenty
large biogas plants with a capacity of approximately 1 MW each [1], and about
a dozen biogas plants are under construction or design.
The fundamentals of anaerobic digestion process for obtaining biogas are
presented in an extensive world literature and in many review articles for example
[2, 3, 4]. The process may be carried out depending on the availability of raw
materials, the type of substrates, and other factors, usually in a one or two steps
(separation of the hydrolysis process from the main fermentation) of a periodic or
quasi-continuous and continuous feeding of substrates. Most of the biogas reactors
operates like flow reactors with quasi-continuous supply of substrates. Regardless
of the type of process, good mixing of the slurry in a fermentor (in order to provide
the contact between microorganisms and the surface of the particles) should be
provided. Mechanical agitators rotating inside the fermentors or pneumatic
43
BIOGAS UPGRADING USING SUPPORTED LIQUID
MEMBRANES BASED ON IONIC LIQUIDS
Iwona Cichowska-Kopczyńska, Monika Joskowska,
Bartosz Dębski, Robert Aranowski
Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty
Department of Chemical Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Narutowicza 11/12
Abstract: A novel approach to carbon dioxide separation from gas mixtures such
as biogas is the application of ionic liquids immobilized on the porous polymeric or
ceramic support. The negligible vapor pressure and tunable properties of ionic liquids
make them excellent media replacing volatile, corrosive and toxic amines that are currently
used in this technology. Application of supported liquid membranes in separation processes
enables using small quantities of selectively acting absorbents. Influence of the ionic liquid
structure (cation and anion), physicochemical properties (viscosity, surface tension) of
ionic liquids and operating conditions (pressure and temperature) on efficiency of the
removal of CO2 from biogas streams is discussed.
Introduction
Supported liquid membrane (SLM) is a two phase system of porous
support and liquid phase held in the membrane pores by capillary forces [1].
Industrial applications of liquid membrane systems usually cover usage of
monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), chloroform, dichloromethane,
tetrachloromethane, chlorobenzene and toluene. When using traditional organic
solvents, several disadvantages can be observed such as secondary stream pollution
or loss of membrane phase caused by vaporization or displacement of liquid from
the pores due to transmembrane pressure [2]. Many efforts have been made to
improve SLMs stability, one of the possible solutions to these problems is using
low volatile membrane phase. Among the advantages of ionic liquids, negligible
vapor pressure makes them very attractive in many industrial applications.
Still, the high price of ionic liquids remains the limitation of their
application in industrial scale. Thus, membrane processes allow avoiding this
limitation. Ionic liquids can be embedded in pores of polymer supports where they
are kept by capillary forces. Membrane technology provides the decrease of solvent
consumption and in consequence costs of separation processes are lower [3-7].
50
CATALYTIC MATERIALS
FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS FUELLED BY BIOGAS
1
2
2
1,3
Konrad Dunst , Maria Gazda , Bogusław Kusz , Piotr Jasiński
Politechnika Gdańska
Wydział Elektroniki, Telekomunikacji i Informatyki,
2
Wydział Fizyki Technicznej i Matematyki Stosowanej
3
Contact: [email protected]
1
Abstract: Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the most promising energy
conversion devices due their high efficiency, low pollution and fuel flexibility.
Unfortunately, when hydrocarbons are used as a fuel, such as biogas, carbon is formed at
the anode surface. This process leads to fuel cell performance degradation. Solution to this
problem is application of additional catalytic materials, which would improve catalytic
activity towards biogas reforming.
In this work four catalytic materials are investigated toward biogas reforming:
Cu1,3Mn1,7O4, Y0,08Sr0,92Ti0,8Fe0,2O3-δ, SrZr0,95Y0,05O3-α, CeCu2O4. Materials were infiltrated
into the Hi/YSZ cermet. The catalytic activities of structures were tested in synthetic biogas
(60% of methane and 40% of carbon dioxide) using FTIR spectroscopy. The best results
were obtained for Cu1.3Mn1.7O4 spinel and doped strontium titanate Y0.08Sr0.92Ti0.8Fe0.2O3-δ.
Fig. 1. Schematic view of measurement system.
CH 4 konwersja =
CO2 konwersja =
xwe CH 4 − xwy CH 4
xwe CH 4
xwe CO2 − xwy CO2
xwe CO2
58
⋅100%
(1)
⋅ 100%
(2)
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS
IN THE ELECTRA® BIO-ENERGY POWER PLANT
1
2
2
Marek Kurtyka , Ola Łukaszek , Karol Bartkiewicz , Wojciech Łukaszek
1
2
2
Termo – Klima MK Katowice, Ekoenergia Kolonia Pozezdrze
Abstract: The Electra® bio-energy power plant is one of the most advanced
technological solutions in the field of biogas energy production. The technology has been
invented and is being developed in Poland. The technology evolves to become increasingly
modern and efficient. In addition to a number of previous innovations, such as pre-mixing
of substrates prior to their introduction into the fermentation tank, using post-fermentation
sludge as raw material for the production of granulated organic fertiliser substitute, and
a mixing unit with slitted impeller blades the we are working to introduce two new
solutions: the microniser and a tomography system for the monitoring, visualisation and
optimisation of multiphase mixing. in the fermentation chamber. These devices and
procedures increase process efficiency, improving the results of the entire bio-energy plant.
The Electra® bio-energy power plant is a Polish solution for the production
of electrical energy and granulated organic fertiliser substitute, fuelled by biogas
produced from organic biomass primarily agricultural in origin. The technology is
under constant revision in order to quickly include new technological solutions that
have the potential to improve its performance.
Electra® was the first bio-energy plant in Europe to use dried postfermentation sludge to produce granulated organic fertiliser substitute. Sulphur
used in the process is obtained from two sources: desulfurisation of biogas (using
BIOSULFEX, a method developed by a Polish company PROMIS Innovative
Group), and concentrated retentate from a wastewater treatment microplant (which
is a permanent element of bio-energy plants built in the Electra® technology)
operating on the principle of reverse osmosis. The wastewater treatment microplant
is designed to treat excess water from the sludge if acceptable nitrogen thresholds
are exceeded in the fermentation chamber.
The Electra® bio-energy plant is also the only technology where an
innovative mixing unit with slitted impeller blades will be used in the design of the
62
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
OF USING RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
Tadeusz Noch
Gdansk School of Higher Education
e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: This article concerns using renewable energy resources. It contains an
analysis of pollution emissions created by combustion of conventional and unconventional
energy resources. It provides examples of cogeneration systems. In particular, it focuses on
a system correlated with a gas turbine and a system correlated with a piston combustion
engine. Attention is paid to the issue of applying innovative solutions in heating technology.
1. Introduction
The demand for energy is a direct derivative of economic growth, and
therefore the consumption of energy is bound to increase within the next dozen
years or so [10]. Modern economies have to face the problem of fossil fuel
depletion and increasingly higher prices of this resource. This creates a need for
taking action to look for alternative, renewable energy resources so as to ensure
energy security.
The issue of renewable energy resources is dealt with in many provisions
of the Polish law. The fundamental one is the Constitution of the Republic of
Poland, and Article 74 thereof reads: “the public authorities shall ensure ecological
security for the contemporary and future generations, and environmental protection
is an obligation of public authorities who shall support the actions of citizens for
preservation and improvement of the environment” [6].
2. Energy from renewable resources
Energy coming from renewable resources may take a directly usable form
(wind energy, water energy, solar energy, geothermal energy) or a form which
allows storing it (biomass, biofuels). The latter, if reasonably used, bring less
pollution to the environment. [7]. Obtaining energy from renewable resources is
one of the main solutions for reducing the current dependency on fossil fuels, and
satisfies the constantly growing global demand for energy. The interest in
68
CONCEPTS FOR BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION
Michael Seiffert, Johan Grope, Stefan Rönsch
Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gGmbH
Torgauer Straße 112, D-04347 Leipzig
Abstract: The use of natural gas is within the European energy system of high
importance. A wide range of activities concerning the substitution of natural gas with so
called biomethane respectively synthetic natural gas are ongoing, because of settled
objectives in the context of climate protection as well as supply diversification.
Therefore, a number of concepts are available, like the production of biomethane
from the bio-chemical conversion route (biogas) and the provision via thermo-chemical
conversion of solid biomass, so called Bio-SHG. Technologies for the feed-in, the
distribution as well as the utilisation of biomethane are mature and within commercial
projects applied in many European countries. Methane and in this context biomethane has
a high market potential as a well-known energy carrier (transport sector, stationary
applications (heat and power)) and for material utilisation, too. Within the existing and
well developed natural gas grid in Europe biomethane can easily be fed in and distributed
to the final consumer in industry and households.
Beside the above mentioned advantages the combustion properties of methane are
already well known and characterised through relatively low emissions.
1. Basics of biomethane provision
Because of numerous political decisions (e.g. EU for the implementation of
the Kyoto-protocol, the EU wide CO2-control for passenger cars and light duty
vehicles, the exhaust standards for passenger cars and duty vehicles) or the
diversification of fuel supply – the energy carrier natural gas and therewith
biomethane gained of importance, due to the aspects of climate protection and
availability.
Biomethane can be added to natural gas and allows therewith an increase
of domestic resources as well as an improvement of confidence in terms of a secure
gas provision.
Besides numerous technical benefits, like for instance the possibility to
store biomethane and to provide therewith demand oriented and flexible energy,
contributes biomethane as a „green“ and environmental sound energy carrier to
74
THE PERSPECTIVES OF USE OF BIOGAS
AS BIOFUEL IN TRANSPORT SECTOR IN POLAND
Barbara Smerkowska
Automotive Industry Institute
Abstract: The paper presents some selected political, technical and practical
aspects of biogas use as biofuel in transport sector in Poland.
The presence of Poland in the structures of the European Union is linked to
the commitments adopted at European level. These are environmental
commitments, including mandatory targets regarding the share of renewable
transport fuels of 10% by 2020 in every member state.
Currently the member states fulfill these objectives by first generation
biofuels: bioethanol and biodiesel (Fatty Acids Methyl Esters – FAME). At the
same time it is estimated that biodiesel (7% in diesel fuel and small quantities of
100% biodiesel) and bioethanol (5% or 10% in petrol) are not enough to fill up the
national indicative targets, the missing quantity is estimated at around 20%1. The
expectations related to the use of first-generation biofuels have not been fulfilled,
both in terms of economic and environmental issues. At the same time,
technologically advanced biofuels are not yet available commercially and still
require intensive research.
Expert reports elaborated on behalf of the European Commission indicate
natural gas and its renewable equivalent – biomethane (upgraded biogas), as bridge
fuels between conventional fuels, first generation biofuels and the next
generations2,3. Also the representatives of the European Commission DG MOVE
(Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport) confirm this position4. Methane
fuels are considered as important and complementary fuels on fuel market,
1
NGV Europe Association data.
Report on Future Transport Fuels. European Expert Group on Future Transport Fuels. 2011.
3
Nijboer M. 2010. The Contribution of Natural Gas to Sustainable Transport. International Energy
Agency.
4
Franz-Xaver Söldner, Deputy Head of Unit, EC DG Move, presentation „Alternative Fuels”,
GasHighWay conference, Brussels, 1 March 2012 r.
2
80
PYROLYSIS AND GASIFICATION OF BIOGAS DIGESTATE
Dariusz Wiśniewski
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Faculty of Technical Sciences
Abstract: This is a presentation of the results of an experiment on using farmbased biogas digestate for energy generation. The study on possible energy generation
from digestate focused on thermal methods, such as pyrolysis and gasification. The
feedstock for the gasification and pyrolytic processes run in the experimental installation
was digestate from an experimental farm-based biogas plant in Bałdy, which belongs to the
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn. The Experimental Biogas Plant in Bałdy
produces biogas from slurry and maize silage. A sample consisting of 30L of digestate with
90% water content was taken from the biogas plant in Bałdy. Hext, the sample was
dehydrated in a series of stages until its moisture content fell down to about 10%. For this
aim, it was first subjected to sedimentation, then separation through a sieve, heating and
evaporation, and finally it was warmed in a chamber oven. Once dried and prepared,
digestate underwent pyrolysis and gasification. During the pyrolytic tests, we analyzed
calorific value of flammable gases in the volatile fraction as well as the solid fraction
before and after the process of pyrolysis. The second part of the research involved
gasification of digestate. Carbon dioxide was used as a gasification medium. Carbon
dioxide gasification required supply of external energy for running the process and
a temperature over 800oC. The aim of this experiment was to assess whether dried digestate
could be used for energy generation via gasification.
Preparation of digestate from a farm-based biogas plant
The preparation of digestate went through several stages. During the first
stage, sedimentation of digestate was tested. Figure 1 shows digestate collected
directly from the biogas plant. The collected digestate was passed through
a custom-designed sieve of small size mesh. The sediment obtained after
sedimentation together with the solid fraction was then poured into a vessel.
Afterwards, digestate was dehydrated by heating up. This way the solid fraction
was separated and then dried in a chamber oven to the moisture content of about
10%.
87
A HYBRID ANAEROBIC REACTOR
WITH A MICROWAVE HEATING SYSTEM
Marcin Zieliński, Marcin Dębowski
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Department of Environmental Engineering, 10-719 Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 117 a
Abstract: Microwaves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength
range from 1 mm to 1 m and the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz respectively.
The interaction of microwave radiation with molecules does not cause alterations in their
structure. It is accepted that as a result of microwave radiation, the vibration of dipolar
molecules such as water primarily contributes to the temperature rise of the substance.
This study presents a technological solution for an anaerobic reactor with the use
of microwave electromagnetic radiation as a factor to control thermal conditions.
Microwave heating is marked by high selectivity, therefore it is possible to introduce
energy directly to the biofilm shaped on the trickling filter placed in the reactor. This will
directly affect the activity of the biofilm and the course of biochemical changes. This study
presents the possibility of applying electromagnetic microwave radiation to stimulate the
temperature conditions in the process of anaerobic decomposition of organic substrates. It
is assumed that microwave radiation will lead to positive effects on the final results, both in
terms of the efficiency of organic matter degradation and the quantity and composition of
the biogas produced in the process.
Introduction
Because of its numerous advantages, microwave radiation heating has
found broad application in scientific research, industry as well as in everyday life.
The most widely known use of microwave energy concerns the domestic cooker
patented over 50 years ago (Spencer 1949). These appliances most often use
microwaves with a frequency of 2450 MHz, whose source is a magnetron.
Microwave heating is extensively applied in chemical analytics [Jin et al.
1999]. Microwave energy is used for sample decomposition into analysed
components (combustion), extraction, drying of samples, moisture content
measurements, adsorption and desorption analysis. Microwaves are also used in
such fields of chemical analytics as microwave atomic plasma spectrometry [Pipus
et al. 2000].
92
ALGAL BIOMASS AS AN ALTERNATIVE
SUBSTRATE FOR BIOGAS TECHNOLOGIES
– POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS
Marcin Dębowski, Marcin Zieliński
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn,
Department of Environmental Engineering, 10-719 Olsztyn, ul. Warszawska 117 a
Abstract: Algae have many advantages over typical, higher energy plants. They
are characterized by faster biomass growth rates and because they can be harvested from
natural water bodies, they do not compete with crops dedicated for food or feedstuff
purposes. The research conducted to date regarding the use of this type of substrate in
methane fermentation processes has been very promising. Microalgae were tested, among
others, in research, including Macrocystis, Gracilaria, Hypnea, Ulva, Laminaria and
Sargassum. Due to advances in phytoplankton production, harvesting and separation
technology, this algal group is also now perceived as a substrate in biogas production
processes. The use of this biomass source type is an innovative solution, which has to date
been only theorised in scientific literature. Such reports have mainly concerned the use of
blue-green algae originating from eutrophicated lakes in China or concern theoretical
considerations, estimates and calculations for the potential of this type of technological
solution.
Introduction
Development and wide-scale implementation of clean, effective and
renewable energy acquisition technologies is currently becoming both a challenge
for scientists and a priority for power supply system operators. The direct
underlying cause is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which must entail
decreased extraction and use of conventional energy carriers, including coal,
natural gas and petroleum.
It is a common belief that the goals presented above can be achieved in part
by stimulating the development of non-conventional power supply systems based
on the use of biomass with different characteristics and origin (Börjesson and
Berglund 2006). However, there are analyses which question this widely prevailing
opinion. Fargione et al. (2008) found that non-rational management of typical
energy plant resources can, in fact, lead to a negative balance in the quantity of
100
BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM VARIOUS SILAGES
1
2
1
Vilis Dubrovskis , Aleksandrs Adamovics ,Vladimirs Kotelenecs ,
1
1
Imants Plume , Eduards Zabarovskis
1
Latvia University of Agriculture
2
Institute of Agricultural Energetics, Institute of Agrobiotechnology
[email protected]; [email protected]
Abstract: More than 30 biogas plants have started working in recent time in
Latvia. There is need to investigate the suitability of different biomass for energy
production. This paper shows results of fermentation of silage from different biomass.
Biogas production from amaranth and maize silage, malva and maize silage, amaranth and
sunflower silage and malva and sunflower silage were investigated using small scale
bioreactors. Biomass mixed with inoculum (fermented cow manure) was investigated for
biogas production in fifteen digesters, operated in batch mode at temperature 38±1.0°C.
Average specific methane yield from amaranth and maize silage was 332±78·l·kgVSA-1 and
average methane (CH4) content was 60.14%. Average methane yield from amaranth and
sunflower silage was 420±85·l·kgVSA-1and average methane content was 60.51%. Average
methane yield from malva and maize silage was 412±101·l·kgVSA-1and average methane
content was 56.13%. Average methane yield from malva and sunflower silage was
389±101·l·kgVSA-1 and average methane content was 58.18%. All investigated biomass can be
successfully cultivated for energy production under agro ecological conditions in Latvia.
Introduction
Latvia cannot provide enough own produced energy, so fossil energy
resources are imported from other countries [3]. There are 368500 ha of unused
agriculture land in Latvia. Effective use of this land could help to obtain
a significant amount of energy. One of the most advanced methods of energy
production from biomass is anaerobic digestion [2]. The biogas is a product of
substantial value as anaerobic fermentation technology does not increase carbon
dioxide emissions and is environmentally friendly [4]. In recent years the biogas
production is booming also in Latvia. There is a need to use different raw materials
in biogas plants [6].
107
USABILITY OF BETA VULGARIS L. AS SUBSTRATE
FOR AN ON-FARM BIOGAS PLANT
Anna Karwowska, Janusz Gołaszewski, Kamila Żelazna
Uniwersity of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Abstract: Beet (Beta vulgaris L.), whose cultivation in Poland has a long history,
can be now considered as an alternative raw material for production of renewable energy.
High yielding and a high content of sucrose make this crop particularly suitable for
production of biogas. In this preliminary experiment on two cultivars, Abrax and Greta,
yields of roots and leaves were determined; afterwards, productivity of biogas, including
methane, from digestion of ensiled roots and roots with leaves was tested. The initial
respirometric analysis showed that, as a substrate for biogas production, beet has
a suitable composition and provides high yields per land unit. In general, root silages
showed lower biogas productivity than ensiled roots and leaves, and this tendency was
more evident in the case of the sugar beet cultivar Abrax. Methane fermentation of
a monosubstrate composed of roots and leaves enables one to achieve a three-fold higher
productivity versus a monosubstrate composed of roots. Converted into yields of roots and
leaves obtained under laboratory conditions, the productivity of cv.. Abrax was estimated at
6,998.27 m3 ha-1, and that of cv. Gerty – at 9,074.21 m3 ha-1.
Introduction
Plant biomass is the third largest natural source of energy [1]. Biogas,
biodiesel, bioethanol and solid fuels are among the most important renewable fuels.
The biogas production sector in Poland is small but has a promising potential for
development. It is estimated that about 1,500-2,000 biogas plants processing
different type of biomass substrate may open before 2020 [2].
Being a primary product of methane digestion, biogas may have a varied
composition of gases depending on what type of material has been fermented [3].
The usability of plant biomass for biogas production depends on yield per land unit
(t/ha), energy performance per biomass unit and the rate at which it can be
converted into gaseous fuel [4].
Beet (Beta vulgaris L.), especially its sub-species sugar beet (Beta vulgaris
saccharifera), has a long tradition of cultivation in Poland. The current policy,
however, is unfavourable for sugar beet farmers because it tends to limit the use of
114
DIGESTION AND CO-DIGESTION OF DISTILLERY
SPENT WASH, CATTLE MANURE AND MAIZE SILAGE
Ewa Klimiuk, Tomasz Pokój,
Katarzyna Bułkowska, Zygmunt Mariusz Gusiatin
Warmia and Mazury University, Environmental Science Faculty
Environmental Biotechnology Department, 10-709 Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G
Abstract: The evaluation of the biogas production for substrates available at the
Farm in Komorowo (the Kujawsko-Pomorskie provinces) i.e., molasses distillery spent
wash, cattle manure and maize silage was investigated. The experiments were conducted in
the quasi-continuous mode in completely stirred tank reactor under mesophilic conditions
(39C). During the co-digestion of all three substrates specific biogas production rate (rB)
was 1.03 dm3/dm3·d. Maximum organic load rate (OLR), at hydraulic retention time (HRT)
45d, amounted to 1.67 g VS/dm3·d that for low organics removal efficiency (60.7%) is the
limit. Separable digestion of distillery spent wash and mixture of cattle manure with maize
silage provided higher biogas production, due to shortening the HRT for distillery spent
wash (20-25d). The average rB value during spent wash digestion (HRT = 20d) was 1.96
dm3/dm3·d, however process was unstable. For mixture of cattle manure with maize silage
(HRT = 45d, OLR = 1.98 g VS/dm3·d) the rB value amounted to 1.06 dm3/dm3·d. The high
organics removal efficiency (72.8% and 68.9% for distillery spent wash and mixture of
cattle manure with maize silage) indicated that there is a possibility to increase the OLR
value.
1. Introduction
The efficiency of agricultural biogas production depends on suitable
composition and preparation of substrate, properly matched methane production
systems and operational parameters of the process. In most agricultural biogas
plants, as substrates it can be used animal manure, residues available in the local
market such as e.g., distillery spent wash, residues and wastes from agricultural
production and others. In the most of the European Union Member States crop
silages, mainly maize is also used.
In Poland availability of a variety of residue in farm is differentiated by the
size of a farm and a type of agricultural production. For instance, the Farm in
Komorowo (the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) produces molasses distillery
120
PROCESSING OF DIGESTATE FROM
AGRICULTURE BIOGAS PLANT AND USE AS FERTILIZER
Aleksandra Urszula Kołodziej
Polish Company of the Agricultural Engineering
Abstract: Taking into account the potential of Polish agriculture, biogas plants
seem to be a good way of producing electricity and heat, while making contribution to
environmental protection by (among others) the use of plant residues and animal manure.
Digestate - a by-product of methane production in a biogas plant can be successfully used
as a valuable fertilizer, as it has been demonstrated by numerous studies by Polish,
Swedish, Austrian and Danish scientists.
Intensive livestock farming generates large amount of feces being one of the main
sources of pollution to the natural environment. The dynamic growth and a high
concentration of pig production result in large amounts of manure, which can also pose
a potential threat to the environment. It can contaminate soil, surface water, groundwater,
rainwater and air. The production of biogas from organic waste partially solves
environmental problems in a profitable and sustainable manner.
It is not always possible to use the whole digestate produced by biogas plant.
Investors must prepare carefully designed plan for handling of the digestate, its use and
eventual drying and processing, e.g. in the form of pellets. Reduction of post-fermentation
waste contributes to the reduction of costs associated with scattering the residues and also
allows reducing the volume required for waste-fermentation tanks.
At present, agricultural use of digestate substances requires compliance with
a number of recommendations, whereas the slurry fertilization generally is limited only by
the requirements of the Hitrates Act. The new law on fertilizers and fertilization will greatly
simplify the procedure associated with the use of digestate as fertilizer, but it is still in draft
form.
Introduction
Placing a strong emphasis on environment protection and reduction of
global warming effects the European Council issued among others the directive on
management of bio-waste, urging member states to review their methods of waste
management. At issue is whether global warming is caused by human activity, but
as a member state we are obliged, to take a number of measures to adapt to the EU
directives. Already, Directive 1999/31/EC (on landfill waste) set targets for
126
PRODUCTION OF
SIDA HERMAPHRODITA RUSBY-BASED BIOMASS
AS CO-SUBSTRATE FOR AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANT1
Jacek Kwiatkowski, Łukasz Graban, Waldemar Lajszner, Józef Tworkowski
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production
Abstract: The paper comes forward with short characteristics of Virginia
fanpetals as the species used for the crops dedicated to the Agricultural Biogas Plant. The
paper is to present the biometric features of crops and biomass yield obtained within the
first two years of vegetation of the plantation developed on the basis of generative
multiplication in relation to a selection of agritechnical drivers.
Introduction
Biomass produced from dedicated crops is one of the four fundamental
sources of substrates for the agricultural biogas plant. It may be its sole feedstock
that is inoculated exclusively with relevant microflore or it may be added to
agricultural waste and residues for rational management purposes, which
contributes to substantial increase in methane output (Gołaszewski, 2011). Maizebased biomass is most commonly used for these purposes as this plant is very
productive, and the crop technology and biomass maintenance technology are well
known. Apart from maize, grass and cereal as well as bean plants as pure crops and
as those mixed with a variety of grass are also used for these purposes. However,
the most popular plant species used for crops dedicated to biogas plants belong to
the so called strategic food stock, which being used for energy purposes may cause
disturbance to food production (Gołaszewski, 2010). Consequently, alternative
crops characteristic of high productivity that may be successfully cultivated in soil
that is substandard for food crops, play more and more significant role as dedicated
crops. One of them is Virginia Fanpetal (Sida hermaphrodita Rusby).
1
The research was financed within the Framework of the Budget of Research Task no 4 titled
”Development of Integrated Technologies for Production of Fuel and Energy from Biomass,
Agricultural Waste and other Residues” under the Research Strategic Programme titled “Advanced
Technologies for Energy Generation” co-financed by NCBiR and ENERGA SA.
137
ANAEROBIC CO-DIGESTION
OF WHITE CABBAGE AND SEWAGE SLUDGE
Justyna Łuczak, Piotr Dargacz, Robert Aranowski
Gdańsk University of Technology, Chemical Faculty
Department of Chemical Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
Abstract: Phytoextraction is a promising and cost-effective method for remediation
of the metal contaminated soils but limited due to the production of contaminated biomass,
for which no suitable treatment process has been found yet. In this study the weight/volume
reduction of white cabbage biomass by mesophilic co-fermentation with digested sewage
sludge was investigated in the one stage bioreactor. It was revealed that white cabbage can
be co-digested with sewage sludge digestate at a loading rate 2.23 kg VS m-3day-1 in
mesophilic conditions. The biogas yield rate was obtained to be 189 dm3/ kg VS and
contained 50% of methane. The volatile solids mass removal efficiency was found to be
70.5%. The biogas production and volatile solids reduction can be increased by
optimalization of the cabbage/sewage sludge ratio, change of the temperature or/and
application of pre-treatment methods.
1. Introduction
Phytoextraction is a promising and cost-effective method for remediation
of the metal contaminated soils. This technology is based on the natural ability of
some plants to accumulate, translocate and resist high amounts of heavy metals
over the complete growth cycle [1]. It was reported that members of the
Brassicaceae from the genus Brassica can be used as hyperaccumulators for
phytoextracion of heavy metals from contaminated soils [2, 3]. White cabbage
(Brassica oleracea var. capitata), one the most popular European brassica plants, is
nowadays considered as useful phytoextractor because of the high tolerance
towards many environmental contaminants, high biomass concentrated in the
small, spherical head, easy cultivation technologies, an extensive root system and
fast growth rate [4]. It was also revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals in
cruciferous plants can stimulate the synthesis of glucosinolates (GLS).
Isothiocyanates – products of GLS enzymatic hydrolysis, exhibit biocidal
properties, hence may be used in the biofumigation process [4, 5].
147
PRESERVING OF VIRGINIA FANPETALS
(SIDA HERMAPHRODITA) BIOMASS PRODUCED
IN VARIOUS TERMS OF HARVESTING CYCLE
Cezary Purwin, Barbara Pysera, Maja Fijałkowska, Iwona Wyżlic
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science
Abstract: The research aimed at comparison of preserving and storing capacities
for fanpetal-derived biomass harvested at various terms and after having been fertilized
with a variety of preservative additives.
For the research purposes, the fanpetal-derived biomass obtained from three
harvesting terms and three fertilization procedures (1 – no fertilization; 2 – half of
fertilization dose; 3 – full fertilization dose) was put under consideration. Two-stage
harvesting cycle was performed: 09.06.2011 – the first harvest (3 types of biomass in
relation to the fertilization system: 1/I harvest; 2/I harvest; 3/I harvest), 08.09.2011 – the
second harvest (3 types of biomass in relation to the fertilization procedure: 1/II harvest;
2/II harvest; 3/II harvest). Single-stage harvesting cycle was performed: 14.09.2011
(3 types of biomass in relation to the fertilization procedure: 1/single-stage harvest;
2/ single-stage harvest; 3/ single-stage harvest). Each of the fanpetal-based biomass was
preserved: additive-free and including formic acid, bacteria-based inoculation agent and
enzymatic preparation. The fanpetal-based biomass proved to be hard to be preserved. In
the case of all the types of preserved biomass, the acidification degree was proven to be
unsatisfactory, lactic acid content was too low, the content of acetic and butyric acid was
high, which is indicative of limited fermentation process. In the case of the fanpetal-derived
silages under consideration, the content of dry matter and organic matter was reduced in
comparison to all the kinds of green biomass undergoing silage process. The harvesting
system and fertilization had the impact upon the size of losses of dry matter and organic
matter in the course of storing the fanpetal biomass. Among the additives that were applied,
only the enzymatic preparation had the positive impact upon the fermentation profile for all
the types of the fanpetal-based biomass undergoing silage process.
Introduction
The growing demand for biomass from the power engineering industry
calls for the need to establish dedicated crop plantation characteristic of high yield
potential. Virginia Fanpetal, as perennial plant species of high yield potential has
157
VIRGINIA FANPETAL-BASED DIGESTION RESIDUE
USED FOR VIRGINIA FANPETAL FERTILIZATION PURPOSES
Stanisław Sienkiewicz, Sławomir Krzebietke, Piotr Żarczyński
University of Warmia and Maury in Olsztyn
Chair of Agricultural a Chemistry and Environment Protection
Abstract: This paper presents the results of the impact of the Virginia fanpetals
digestion residue-based fertilization upon the height and diameter of sprouts, biomass yield
and concentration of H, P, K, Mg and Ca in the plants of Virginia fanpetals. A larger
diameter and height of stems and yield of green and dry matter was observed after having
used higher doses of the Virginia fanpetals-derived digestion residue. More effective
reduction of the concentration of magnesium was noticed after the application of the tested
residue and potassium than in the case of the residue applied solely. It was shown that
post-digestion residue of Virginia fanpetals can be used as a fertilizer.
Introduction
Due to the need for production of biomass in possibly the largest
quantities, alternative crops gain more and more importance in our country. Among
the crops that are most often cultivated for energy purposes, willow, maize, rape
and Virginia fanpetal should be mentioned [Denisiuk 2005; Sławiński ET AL
2009]. Virginia fanpetal, not so long ago was not yet well known in Poland, and it
is a plant that may be comprehensively used as: fodder, for recultivation and
energy purposes. Usefulness of Virginia fanpetal for energy purposes, according to
Hanowiec and Smoliński [2011], is proven by its high content of hydrogen and
carbon.
However, every crop needs to be supplied with nutrients in order to
produce optimal yield. The literature refers to optimal fertilizer doses for Virginia
fanpetal, that depending on soil quality are kept within the following limits: 100200 kg N·ha-1, 50-150 kg K2O·ha-1, 80-120 kg P2O5·ha-1 [Bujak 2004]. Fertilization
not only contributes to the quantity of biomass but also to the content of elements
in the biomass [Kalembasa and Wiśniewska 2006, 2008, 2010, Borkowska and
Lipiński 2008]. Fertilization does not necessarily have to be based on application
of mineral fertilizers that are expensive and require high energy input into
fertilization. Digestion residues obtained from gasification of biomass should be
164
THE POTENTIAL FOR BIOGASS PLANTS DEVELOPMENT
– ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE VOIVODESHIP AS CASE STUDY
Michał Jasiulewicz, Dorota Agnieszka Janiszewska
Koszalin University of Technology
Abstract: Current prognosis shows that the production of agricultural biogas will
accelerate rapidly, up to several dozen per cent yearly, in the forthcoming decade. Current
tendencies on investments and development markets proves that fact. The investment rate
increases when well documented and verified case studies are known and can be followed
by less experienced investors.
The aim of this article is to evaluate the profitability of small and micro biogas
installations as well as measuring the amounts of substrates for biogas production, such as
manure, slurry, agricultural by-products and agro-food industry wastes available in
Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship. Factors that shape the agriculture of the region are: big
average area of agricultural farms (30,3 ha), low percentage of people employed in
agriculture as well as plants (not animals) being the main agricultural product.
Theoretical potential of raw materials in Poland corresponds to production
up to 5 billion m3 of biogas per year. This potential includes agricultural byproducts, manure, slurry, agro-food industry wastes and other by products. It is also
anticipated that energy crops will be cultivated to be used as substrates for biogas
production. This is possible on an area of about 700 thousand ha, which will not
interfere with food security in the country.
The current potential for biogas production from agricultural by-products
and food industry wastes equals 1,7 billion m3 of biogas per year. Poland uses 14
billion m3 of natural gas per year and individual consumers from rural areas use
about 500 million m3 of natural gas yearly. The estimated amount of purified
biogas could cover about 10% of the countries natural gas needs or fully cover the
needs of consumers from rural areas as well as provide 125 thousand MWh of
electric energy and 200 thousand MWh of heat.
Proper management of animal and agricultural waste as well as food
industry by-products that can be found in Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship will be
beneficial for the natural environment, labour market in rural areas, utilisation of
174
RZĘDÓW RESEARCH AND INVESTMENT PROGRAMME
AS A MODEL OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BUSINESS,
THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY, LOCAL GOVERNMENT
AND THE INHABITANTS
1
2
2
Marek Kurtyka , Ola Łukaszek , Karol Bartkiewicz , Wojciech Łukaszek
1
2
2
Termo – Klima MK Katowice, Ekoenergia Kolonia Pozezdrze
Abstract: The RZĘDÓW research and investment programme which constitutes
the construction of the Electra® bio-energy plant (9,6 MW), two photovoltaic farms (about
10 MW and 4 MW) and a wind farm (9 and 15 MW) gathered a number of serious and
efficient investors but also some of the most prominent scientists in the field of renewable
energy sources. The programme and its current stages of implementation have been met
with approval of the local community and gained support of the authorities at every level of
local administration - from the Tuczępy Municipal Office, Starost Office of Busko Zdrój to
the Marshall's Office of the Świętokrzyskie Region. Both the local community and local
government authorities are regularly notified of the ongoing actions within the programme.
The atmosphere created around the project is exceptionally favourable and guarantees that
the initiative will be a complete success.
On March 23, 2012 the implementation of the RZĘDÓW research and
investment programme began. The full name of the initiative is "Regeneration of
the old sulphur mine and surrounding areas through the construction of an
Electra® bio-energy plant (about 10 MW electrical power), fuelled with biogas
generated from plant- and animal-derived biomass and other organic substrates,
including waste; the construction of two photovoltaic farms (about 10 MW and
4 MW electrical power respectively) and a wind farm (electrical power between
9 and 15 MW) with simultaneous change of the fuel used in car transportation for
the bio-energy plant and local inhabitants from oil- to biomethane-base".
Business
A list of investors into respective sites of the OZE: Bioelektrownie
Świętokrzyskie limited liability company from Kielce (whose main shareholder is
Termo – Klima Katowice) for the bio-energy plant; Green Power Development
bio-energy plant from Krakow for the wind farm; Georyt Solar from Tarnów for
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