xaxvidan dnm-is gamoyofa

1
“xaxvidan dnmdnm-is
gamoyofa”
eqsperimentis arsi
nukleinuri
swrafi
mJavebis
meTodi,
(simartivisTvis
romelic
–
dnm)
SeuiaraRebuli
daleqvis
TvaliT
martivi
dnm-is
da
danaxvis
saSualebas gvaZlevs.
gamoyenebis sfero/sakvanZo sityvebi genetika, dnm, rnm, nukleinuri mJavebi, gamoyofa, xaxvi.
saWiro masala
naxevari xaxvis Tavi,
sufris marili (erTi kovzi),
spirti (95%-ze meti eTanoli) an izopropanoli (ramdenime mililitri,
ukeTesia Tu gayinulia an dafarulia yinuliT),
WurWlis sarecxi saSualeba,
qvasanayi,
patara Zabri,
yavis filtri an qaRaldis xelsaxoci,
kbilebis sawmendi xis an qaRaldisgan damzadebuli Cxiri,
wyali,
WurWeli – Wiqa an qila, patara Wiqa, an patara qila, sinjara an aryis
maRali Wiqa (sirCa),
yinuli,
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2
dana,
saWreli dafa,
patara jami an momcro qoTani,
Cvari,
CaquCi an sanayi qva.
usafrTxoeba
eqsperimenti usafrTxoa, magram nu CaisunTqavT alkoholis orTqls,
gansakuTrebiT izopropanolis.
gansakuTrebuli pirobebi
uaRresad
mniSvnelovania,
eqsperimenti
optimalurad
rom
xelmisawvdomi
warimarTeba,
Tu
iyos
spirti
macivari
kargad
–
aris
gaciebuli. saWiroa agreTve yinulic.
ganxorcieleba
1. momzadeba:
erTi kovzi sufris marili (sasurvelia araiodizirebuli) gaxseniT 100
ml (daaxloebiT naxevari Wiqa) wyalSi.
yinulis ramdenime kubiki gaaxvieT CvarSi, wvrilad daCeCqveT CaquCiT
da CayareT patara jamSi an qoTanSi.
2. procedura:
naxevari xaxvis Tavis Suagulidan amoWeriT daaxloebiT 3 sm zomis
nawili, oRond nu miayolebT im nawils saidanac fesvebi izrdeba.
amoRebuli nawili wvrilad daWeriT da CadeT qvasanaySi, daamateT ori
kovzi mariliani wyali da erTgvarovani masis miRebamde energiulad
azileT.
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3
miRebuli masa gadaitaneT patara WiqaSi da daamateT mariliani wyali
ise, rom moculoba 2-3-jer gaizardos. daamateT
WurWlis sarecxi
saSualebis erTi didi wveTi da kargad mourieT. Wiqa CadeT yinulian
jamSi ise, rom yinulis done utoldebodes WiqaSi arsbul siTxis
dones. daicadeT 5 wuTi, xandaxan mourieT. cota xanSi Tu masaSi
CauSvebT kbilebis sawmend Cxirs SeatyobT, rom siTxe webovani xdeba.
sinjaraSi CadeT patara Zabri (sinjara moaTavseT minis qilaSi an
daamagreT
StativSi).
Zabris
Sida
nawilSi
CaafineT
qaRaldis
xelsaxoci da frTxilad daatenianeT. CaasxiT ZabrSi yinulis jamidan
amoRebuli siTxe. daelodeT sanam filtrati sinjaraSi daaxloebiT 45
sm-is
simaRleze
dagrovdeba.
amis
Semdeg
frTxilad
amoiReT
sinjaridan Zabri, sinjara odnav daxareT da misi kedelis gayolebiT
Zalian
frTxilad
daiwyeT
gaciebuli
spirtis
Camateba,
ise
rom
spirtis svetma igive simaRle daikavos, rac filtratis svets ukavia.
dadgiT sinjara da acadeT 2-3 wuTi. spirti darCeba zeda nawilSi –
fazebis
zRvarze
SegiZliaT
RerZis
SeiZleba
cotaTi
garSemo.
dainaxoT
daxaroT
dnm-i
qmnis
sinjara
TeTri
dnm-is
da
feris,
daleqvis
atrialoT
procesi.
vertikaluri
Zafisebri
struqturis
fifqebs. maTi daxveva kbilebis sawmend Cxirzec aris SesaZlebeli.
amoiReT Cxiri xsnaridan da gaSrobis Semdeg dnm-i uxilavi gaxdeba.
igi kargad ixsneba wyalSi.
ganmarteba
RNA - ribonucleic acid, ribonukleinis mJava
DNA - deoksyribonucleic acid, deoqsiribonukleinis mJava
cocxali organizmebis ujredebSi aris ujreduli birTvi, masSi ki
nukleinuri
mJavebia,
rnm-i
da
dnm-i.
qimiurad
es
ori
nivTiereba
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4
mxolod SaqarSi (ribozaSi) Jangbadis SemcvelobiT gansxvavdeba (dnmSi ribozas Jangbadi ar gaaCnia da amitom uwodeben “deoqsiribozas” da
amas
gamosaxavs
mis
dasaxelebaSi
aso
“d”).
miuxedavad
qimiuri
msgavsebisa rnm-i da dnm-i ujredSi sxvadasxva rols asrulebs.
Cven mier aRwerili gamoyofis meTodi am naerTebis qimiur Tvisebebs
efuZneba,
sinamdvileSi
xdeba
rnm-is
da
dnm-is
gamoyofa,
magram
gamartivebis mizniT proceduras dnm-is gamoyofas uwodeben.
nukleinuri
mJavebis
gamoyofa
sakmarisad
iolia
da
Camogavs
im
proceduras, romelsac laboratoriebSi iyeneben. avxsnaT proceduris
calkeuli etapebis arsi:
1. qsovilis gasresa – qsovili unda danawevrdes ujredebis doneze,
xolo TviT ujredebi ki (dnm-is amoRebis mizniT), unda daiSalos.
amisTvis yvelaze kargia qsovilze intensiuri meqanikuri zemoqedeba. es
gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania
mcenareuli
ujredebis
SemTxvevaSi,
romlebic garemoculia sqeli ujreduli kedliT da maTi struqturis
darRveva meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
2.
detergentis
damateba
xels
uwyobs
lipidebisgan
Semdgari
ujreduli kedlebis daSlas, ujredis SigTavsi ki gadadis xsnarSi.
3.
ujredis
daSlis
Semdeg
mosalodnelia
dnm-is
degradacia
(Semadgenel nawilebad daSla da fragmentacia). amis prevenciis mizniT
saWiroa
dabali
temperatura,
romelic
Trgunavs
dnm-is
madegradirebeli cilebis (fermentebis) aqtivobas. marilis arseboba
xsnarSi iwvevs am cilebis daleqvas.
4. qaRaldis xelsaxocze rCeba qsovilis bevri arasaWiro elementi –
dnm-is ZiriTadi raodenoba gadasulia filtratSi.
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Foundation and Copernicus Science Center. All rights reserved
5
5. dnm
dnm--i mJavaa, romlis naleqs uaryofiTi muxti aqvs, amis gamo sufris
marilidan gamoyofili natriumis ionebi grovdeba dnm-is molekulebis
garSemo.
gajerebul
marilxsnarSi
Tu
masSi
agreTve
eTanolic
(alkoholi) aris, dnm-i icvlis Tavis sivrciT struqturas,
qmnis
agregatebs (did mouwesrigebel kompleqsebs) da gamoiyofa naleqis
saxiT.
am
agregatebs
alkoholi
kargad
Cven
aris
mogrZo
gaciebuli,
Zafebis
formiT
procesi
vxedavT.
uaRresad
Tu
efeqturad
warimarTeba.
SeniSvna – grZeli Zafebi ar warmoadgens dnm-is calkeul molekulebs.
molekulebi
uaRresad
patara
zomisaa
da
maTi
danaxva
Zlieri
mikroskopis gareSe adamianis Tvals ar SeuZlia.
dnm-i
aris
naerTi,
romlis
struqturaSi
genetikuri
informaciaa
Cawerili. am informaciis wasakiTxad rnm-is molekulebia saWiro. dnmSi inaxeba informacia yvela ujreduli cilebis Sesaxeb (dnm-is aseT
nawilebs
genebs
uwodeben).
genebi
Seadgens
(ZuZumwovarTa
ujredebSi
funqcias
warmoadgens
informaciis
dnm-is
–
mxolod
mxolod
wakiTxva,
mcire
3%-s),
dnm-is
nawils
danarCenis
struqturis
uzrunvelyofa, genetikuri masalis multiplikacia da misi gadacema
dediseul ujredebSi da a.S. nukleinis mJavebi CarTulia ujredebis da,
Sesabamisad – qsovilebis da organizmebis yvela sasicocxlo procesis
regulaciaSi
alternatiuli variantebi
dnm-is
gamoyofisTvis
SesaZlebelia
sxva
mcenareebis
gamoyenebac,
magaliTad xorblis marcvali, marwyvi, kivi. es ukanaskneli kargia im
mxriv, rom mis wvenSi didi raodenobiT aris cilebis gadamamuSavebeli
fermentebi,
maT
Soris
iseTebic,
romlebsac
daleqvis
procesSi
SeuZliaT dnm-is degradireba.
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Foundation and Copernicus Science Center. All rights reserved
6
gasaTvaliswinebeli momentebi
procedura
martivia,
magram
Tu
gvinda,
rom
eqsperimenti
garantirebulad gamovides, misi ramdenjerme gameorebaa saWiro.
SeniSvna – efeqti uaRresad faqizia. ris danaxvasac Cven vapirebT
friad natif struqturas warmoadgens, amitom sinjaris daTvaliereba
Sesabamisi ganaTebis qveS unda xdebodes.
ra Secdomebs unda veridoT?
nu gamoiyenebT masalis did raodenobas, radgan rac ufro didia
moculoba,
gaciebis
procesi
miT
ufro
neli
tempiT
warimarTeba.
xaxvis SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia qsovilis daaxloebiT 1 sm3.
qaRaldis xelsaxocis filtri SeiZleba gaibidnos – unda SevcvaloT
is axliT. uvargisi filtri Zabridan faqizad unda amoviRoT, ar
gavxioT, ris Sedegad filtratSi Cavardeba gaufiltravi masa.
qvasanaySi qsovilis amolesvis etaps principuli mniSvneloba aqvs –
swored maSin xdeba ujreduli kedlis struqturis darRveva. rac
ufro Zlierad CavatarebT am process – miT ukeTesia, qsovilidan
ufro meti dnm-i gamonTavisufldeba.
saWiroa yinulSi CaSvebuli nimuSis realuri gacieba – yinulis done
aucileblad unda utoldebodes WiqaSi arsebuli siTxis dones. karg
Sedegs
iZleva
yinuliani
wyali,
romelic
sistematur
morevas
saWiroebs.
spirti maqsimalurad civi unda iyos, Tbili alkoholi efeqturad ar
daleqavs dnm-s. amitom misi winaswari gacieba yinulSi aucilebelia.
dnm-is daleqva faqizad unda warimarTos, raTa SemTxveviT ar moxdes
misi defragmentacia.
zogadad, mTeli procedura sakmarisad swrafad unda Catardes, radgan
droSi gawelva gamoiwvevs dnm-is degradacias, romlis SemCnevas ver
movaxerxebT.
Scientifically interesting lesson - materials for teachers ©2009 for Partners Poland
Foundation and Copernicus Science Center. All rights reserved