endangered and threatened segetal plants of kampinoski national

endangered and threatened segetal plants of kampinoski national

ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SEGETAL PLANTS
OF KAMPINOSKI NATIONAL PARK (CENTRAL POLAND)
ANNA BOMANOWSKA
Abstract. The paper lists 39 threatened or extinct segetal plant species in Kampinoski National Park. The most threatened species
are archaeophytes and apophytes of wet habitats. Among 16 species recognized as extinct, 11 are archaeophytes (e.g., Bromus
arvensis, Lolium remotum, Misopates orontium). The most threatened weeds include the following apophytes: Centunculus
minimus (CR), Juncus capitatus (EN), Myosurus minimus (EN) and Radiola linoides (CR).
Key words: threatened species, extinct species, segetal flora, weeds, Red List, Kampinoski National Park, central Poland
Anna Bomanowska, Department of Geobotany and Plant Ecology, University of Łódź, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Łódź, Poland;
e-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Changes in flora, such as depopulation, disappearance of plant localities, or species extinction,
are the most important effects of human activity
on plant cover. One of the impacted plant groups
comprises the segetal weeds. Changes in agricultural practices have led to their recession. The use
of fertilizers, herbicides, qualified seed-grain and
highly productive crop varieties, the abandonment
of traditional crop rotation, and the destruction
of field-edge habitats – these are major factors in
the loss or decline of weeds (Svensson & Wigren
1986; Hołdyński 1991; Korniak 1992; de Snoo
1997; Shardlow & Harper 2000). Over the past few
decades the arable flora of Europe has changed dramatically (e.g., Kornaś 1987; Wójcik & Kmošek
1988; Andreasen et al. 1996; Shardlow & Harper
2000; Sutcliffe & Kay 2000; Baessler & Klotz
2006), and weeds are one of the most threatened
plant groups. In Poland, 30 species of arable habitats are listed in the national Red List of vascular
plants (Zarzycki & Szeląg 2006), while the list of
threatened segetal plants in Poland (Warcholińska
1994) includes 100 taxa.
Weeds are almost completely eliminated from
one-crop fields. They are also in decline on small
extensively cultivated fields, although the species
diversity of the agrophytocoenoses is much higher
there than in large monocultures. Studies of segetal
flora diversity conducted in the 1990s on small
mid-forest arable fields in Kampinoski National
Park (Bomanowska 2006) showed rather high
species richness (326 species), but comparison
of those data with historical records confirmed
a tendency observed in other agricultural regions
– a decline of segetal flora, with some species
becoming much rarer.
The aim of this paper is to present a local list
of endangered segetal flora species of the Kampinoski National Park, and to point out the reasons
for their decline.
STUDY AREA
Kampinoski National Park (KNP) was established
in 1959. At present it occupies an area of 38,544 ha
(Andrzejewska 2003). In 2000, KNP and its buffer
Z. MIREK & A. NIKEL (eds) 2009. Rare, relict and endangered plants and fungi in Poland. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Kraków, pp. 103–114.
104
zone were designated the Puszcza Kampinoska
Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO.
The park is located in the central part of
Mazowsze province in the vicinity of Warsaw.
According to Kondracki’s (1994) geographical
division it is entirely located in the ancient Vistula River valley, which is in the center of the
Kotlina Warszawska basin. In the geobotanical
division of Poland (Szafer & Pawłowski 1977)
the study area belongs to the Warsaw district in
the Mazowsze region.
Kampinos Forest is located in the area of the
hydrological node demarcated by the Vistula, Bug,
Narew, Wkra and Bzura Rivers. Except for the
small fragment in its northeastern part, KNP is
drained by the Łasica canal and the Kanał Kromnowski canal, right-bank tributaries of the Bzura
River (Andrzejewska 2003).
The area is characterized in detail in many
publications (e.g., Kaczorowska 1926; Kobendza
& Kobendza 1957; Andrzejewska 2003; Andrzejewski 2003).
The terrain of KNP is formed by belts running
east-west parallel to the Vistula River bed. Dune
areas (north and south) are divided by wide marshy
depressions (Łasica canal valley and south marsh
belt). Patches of cultivated land are scattered in
the Łasica canal valley and the south marsh belt.
They were established in clearings within the forest
complex, as a result of settlement in the 18th–20th
centuries. In the 1950s, cultivated land covered
more than 12% (5132 ha) of the study area (Lenartowicz & Markowski 2004). After Kampinoski
National Park was established, most arable land
was abandoned and afforested. Presently, farmland
covers ca 5% of the park.
The character of mid-forest agriculture is closely
linked to the terrain. Fields are located close to
farm buildings; they are often adjacent to forested
plots of ground belonging to the national park.
Due to poor soil quality, undemanding cultivars
are grown here, mainly winter rye (over 80% of
cereal crops) and potatoes (over 90% of root crops)
(Rozbicki et al. 2004). Poor soil quality and monoculture results in low variability of field phytocoenoses. The following eight segetal associations
and one segetal community have been identified
A. BOMANOWSKA
in Kampinoski National Park (after Solon 2003):
Echinochloo-Setarietum, Digitarietum ischaemi,
Oxalido-Chenopodietum polyspermi, Lamio-Veronicetum politae and Galinsogo-Setarietum (in
root crops), Vicietum tetraspermae, Papaveretum
argemones and community with Anthoxanthum
aristatum (in cereals).
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
The analysis is based on the results of my own
studies of the biodiversity of arable weeds in
Kampinoski National Park, and on archive data.
Detailed studies of the segetal flora were carried
out in 1994–1999 on 2056 ha of arable land situated within KNP proper, excluding its buffer zone
(Bomanowska 2005, 2006). The occurrence of species found then was verified in 2004 and 2005.
The studies covered segetal habitats (cereals,
root crop fields, stubble fields, vegetable gardens).
Black fallows – arable fields not cultivated during
particular years – were also taken into account.
Abandoned fields were excluded from the investigations. Field flora was studied by standard
methods in a grid of equal-sized study plots – 178
basic squares measuring 1 × 1 km based on the
ATPOL grid (Zając 1978). Based on 658 floristic
relevés made for all study fields, a list of 326
taxa currently occurring in arable fields of KNP
and an atlas of the distribution of segetal species
was prepared. The frequency of occurrence was
determined for each species on a conventional
6-degree scale based on the number of localities
(grid squares) from which it had been recorded:
very rare species (1–2 localities), rare (3–9 localities), rather rare (10–44 localities), frequent (45–89
localities), very frequent (90–133 localities), and
common (134–178 localities).
Threatened species were identified by comparing the obtained results with the literature.
The most important source of floristic data was
Kobendza (1930). Information about the flora of
the southeastern part of KNP situated within the
former Pruszków district was also used (Nowak
1983). The publications of Kotowska (1988),
Pasternak-Kuśmierska (1988), Wójcik and Kmošek
(1988), Głowacki and Ferchmin (2003), Kirpluk
105
Endangered and threatened segetal plants
(2003, 2005) and Michalska-Hejduk (2006) were
used to assess the status of some species.
Objective values were assigned to segetal
species within KNP based on their distribution
and number of species, changes in time (from the
1920s to the early 21st century), and changes in
the richness and area of individual populations.
The degree of anthropogenic transformation of
arable fields in KNP and the degree of isolation
of the study area from typically agricultural regions, limiting potential migration of propagules
from adjacent areas, were also taken into account.
Categories of the degree of threat to segetal
species followed IUCN guidelines (Anonymous
2001, 2003; Gärdenfors et al. 2001), with some
adjustments for local conditions and the specific
characteristics of the study area. Species were
placed in individual threat categories based on
the following criteria.
Extinct and probably extinct species:
[EX] – locally extinct – species not confirmed
at known localities, and no new localities found
within KNP;
EX/CR – probably locally extinct in segetal
habitats – species not confirmed at known localities in segetal habitats, but single localities found
in other types of habitats;
CR – critically endangered – species on the
borderline of extinction, having only one locality
in segetal habitats, where a population of less than
50 individuals occurs;
EN – endangered – threatened species with
a very high risk of extinction, having 2–5 isolated
localities where populations number less than 100
individuals;
VU – vulnerable – threatened species with
a high risk of extinction, having not more than
10 localities, markedly tending to decrease their
area of occurrence and their abundance in known
localities.
Species with a lower risk of extinction:
NT – near threatened – species not qualifying
for any of the threatened species categories (CR,
EN, VU), having more than 10 localities in the
study area, but subject to factors posing a threat
of decreased area of occurrence, decreased number
of individuals in populations, fragmentation and
reduction of the number of localities;
LC – least concern – species not qualifying
for any of the threatened species categories (CR,
EN, VU), relatively frequent in segetal habitats in
KNP, and having a relatively stable size of area
of occurrence and population numbers, but which
are important because of their disappearance from
adjacent areas.
Species with unknown degree of threat:
DD – data deficient – species requiring further
studies to determine their population resources.
The presented list also includes threat categories for species on the list of threatened segetal
species in Poland (Warcholińska 1994) and the
Red list of the vascular plants in Poland (Zarzycki
& Szeląg 2006).
Nomenclature of species follows Mirek et al.
(2002). Affiliation to geographic-historical groups
was adopted after Zając (1979) and Mirek et al.
(2002). Phytosociological affiliation follows Matuszkiewicz (2001) and Zarzycki et al. (2002).
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
The group of threatened segetal plants in KPN
comprises 38 species (Table 1). Most of them (35
species) are threatened segetal species on the national scale in Poland (Warcholińska 1994). Ten
species are on the list of vascular plants threatened
in Poland (Zarzycki & Szeląg 2006).
The most numerous group are species that are
extinct ([EX]) and probably extinct in segetal habitats (EX/CR). The presence of 13 species recorded
earlier from this area could not be confirmed in
the present study. In view of the lack of recently
confirmed localities, they were ranked as locally
extinct ([EX]). Their localities recorded in the beginning of the 20th century by Kobendza (1930)
were not found in the 1970s (Nowak 1983), nor
in the present study. This group includes 7 weeds
listed in the Red list of the vascular plants in Poland (Zarzycki & Szeląg 2006) such as Adonis
aestivalis, Bromus arvensis and Lolium remotum
(Table 1).
106
A. BOMANOWSKA
Table 1. Threatened segetal plant species occurring in Kampinoski National Park. KNP – threatened segetal species occurring in
Kampinoski National Park: [EX] – locally extinct, EX/CR – locally extinct in segetal habitats, CR – critically endangered, EN –
endangered, VU – vulnerable, NT – near threatened, LC – least concern, DD – data deficient; PL-seg – segetal species threatened
in Poland (Warcholińska 1994): Ex – extinct, E – endangered, V – vulnerable, R – rare, I – indeterminate; PL-vas – vascular plants
threatened in Poland (Zarzycki & Szeląg 2006): E – declining – critically endangered, V – vulnerable.
Category of threat
No.
KNP
PL-seg
PL-vas
Number
of localities
V
–
Species
1
Adonis aestivalis L.
[EX]
V
2
Aethusa cynapium L. subsp. agrestis (Wallr.) Dostál
[EX]
I
–
3
Agrostemma githago L.
LC
V
54
4
Anagallis arvensis L.
NT
5
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb.
LC
6
Avena strigosa Schreb.
DD
E
7
Bromus arvensis L. subsp. arvensis
[EX]
Ex
E
8
B. secalinus L.
[EX]
V
V
9
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. subsp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiitonen
EX/CR
V
16
33
12
–
–
1
10
Centunculus minimus L.
CR
V
1
11
Chenopodium polyspermum L.
NT
I
22
12
Consolida regalis Gray
NT
I
23
13
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
LC
I
36
14
Euphorbia exigua L.
[EX]
V
–
15
Filago arvensis L.
EX/CR
I
1
16
F. minima (Sm.) Pers.
NT
17
Fumaria officinalis L. s.l.
VU
I
18
Gagea pratensis (Pers.) Dumort.
NT
I
19
Gnaphalium luteo-album L.
EN
V
5
20
Herniaria glabra L.
NT
I
12
21
Holosteum umbellatum L.
NT
I
16
22
Hypericum humifusum L.
NT
V
23
Illecebrum verticillatum L.
[EX]
V
24
Juncus capitatus Weigel
EN
R
25
Lolium remotum Schrank
26
Melandrium noctiflorum (L.) Fr.
27
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.
28
Myosurus minimus L.
29
30
16
10
V
22
38
V
–
5
[EX]
E
RE/CR
I
E
[EX]
E
EN
I
V
Nigella arvensis L.
[EX]
E
V
Papaver argemone L.
VU
–
2
–
5
–
9
31
P. dubium L.
LC
I
32
Peplis portula L.
[EX]
V
33
Polycnemum arvense L.
[EX]
V
34
Portulaca oleracea L. s.l.
[EX]
R
35
Radiola linoides Roth
CR
V
36
Ranunculus sardous Crantz
EX/CR
I
1
37
Saxifraga tridactylites L.
EX/CR
R
1
38
Veronica opaca Fr.
[EX]
V
–
37
–
V
–
V
1
–
Endangered and threatened segetal plants
A significant factor in the recession of many
segetal weeds in the KNP area is the decline of
the total area of segetal habitats due to field fallowing and abandonment. Among the species that
have become locally extinct for this reason are
archaeophytes with a narrow ecological amplitude and special habitat requirements, such as
Adonis aestivalis, Euphorbia exigua and Nigella
arvensis (Caucalidion lappulae alliance; Table 2).
They prefer warm, sunny and dry habitats, and
usually grow in cereal crops on limestone-rich
soils. Analysis of floristic studies (Kobendza 1930;
Nowak 1983; Pasternak-Kuśmierska 1988; Wójcik
& Kmošek 1988) shows that these species were
never widespread in the study area or its immediate
vicinity. They had scarce localities in the Kampinos
Forest on fields adjacent to the Równina ŁowickoBłońska plain (Kobendza 1930). Their localities,
such as Kampinos and Wiejca villages, were destroyed after the creation of the national park. The
fields on which they occurred were abandoned and
artificially afforested. Probably the same fate befell
the unique locality of Veronica opaca in Famułki
Królewskie village (Kobendza 1930).
Abandonment of fields was also the probable
reason for reduction of the area of occurrence of
species growing in poor, sandy and dry habitats,
such as Filago arvensis, Papaver argemone, Polycnemum arvense and Portulaca oleracea. They had
localities mainly on fields in the southern dune
belt, for example in Łubiec, Korfowe and Truskaw
villages (Kobendza 1930; Nowak 1983). After the
decision was made for KNP to buy out all agriculturally used land, these areas were bought first and
the majority were artificially afforested (Lenartowicz & Markowski 2004). Studies at the turn of the
20th/21st centuries failed to confirm most localities
of these species, which had been abundant as late
as the beginning of the 20th century.
The recession of other taxa linked to traditional
cultivation modes was caused by changes in agricultural practices. Presumably the main reasons
for the extinction of archaeophytes such as Bromus
arvensis, B. secalinus or Misopates orontium in
the Kampinos Forest are the use of qualified seedgrain and the general use of herbicides. In the
case of a speirochore like Lolium remotum, the
107
main factor in its disappearance was the cessation of flax cultivation. At the beginning of the
20th century, Lolium remotum was a widespread
species in the Kampinos Forest, like flax which
it accompanied in cultivation (Kobendza 1930).
When flax cultivation was abandoned, the localities of flaxfield rye-grass disappeared. Already
in the 1970s, Nowak (1983) was unable to find
localities of this species in the western part of
Kampinoski National Park.
Five species were classified as probably locally
extinct on segetal habitats (RE/CR). Despite
numerous field searches in the 1990s and early
21st century, their earlier localities in arable fields
of KNP, known from the literature, could not
be confirmed. In recent years, however, single
localities of these species were found in other
habitats (Table 2). Camelina microcarpa, Filago
arvensis and Ranunculus sardous were recorded
in ruderal habitats in abandoned villages (Kirpluk
2003, 2005, and unpublished), while a locality of
Saxifraga tridactylites was found in a meadow
near Grabnik village in the western part of KNP
(Michalska-Hejduk 2006). Głowacki and Ferchmin
(2003) give brief information about Melandrium
noctiflorum and its occurrence in cereals on the
northern and southern boundary of the Kampinos
Forest. Probably these localities are within the
buffer zone of the national park.
Among the apophytes on the local Red List of
segetal species of KNP, the decrease in the number
and richness of localities was greatest for therophytes linked to communities of the order Nanocyoperion flavescentis (Isöeto-Nanojuncetea class)
growing on wet mineral soils (Warcholińska 1981,
1985), such as Centunculus minimus, Gnaphalium
luteo-album, Hypericum humifusum, Illecebrum
verticillatum, Juncus capitatus, Peplis portula and
Radiola linoides (Table 2). In the early 20th century
they were common in the fields and stubbles of
the whole Kampinos Forest (Kobendza 1930), with
the exception of Illecebrum verticillatum, which
occurred only at a single locality near Truskaw
village (Kobendza 1930; Nowak 1983). Nowadays,
Illecebrum verticillatum and Peplis portula are
locally extinct, while other species of this group
have 1–5 localities (Table 1). Centunculus minimus
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
AR
Aethusa cynapium L. subsp.
agrestis (Wallr.) Dostál*
Agrostemma githago L.
Anagallis arvensis L.
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M. Bieb.
Avena strigosa Schreb.
Bromus arvensis L.
subsp. arvensis*
2
3
4
5
6
7
Geographichistorical
group1
Adonis aestivalis L.*
Species
1
No.
not found (Kobendza 1930)
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Present localities3
Kromnów (ED 02id); Nowy Wilków (Ed 03gd); Brzozówka (ED 04id, ED 04jb, ED 04jc);
Miszory (ED 12bb); Famułki Królewskie (ED 12bd); Bieliny (ED 12ea); Lasocin (ED 12ec, ED
12fa); Zalasek (ED 12fh); Kampinos (ED 12ij); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13ai); Cisowe (ED 13ba,
ED 13cc); Zamość (ED 13dc); Górki (ED 13ed); Roztoka (ED 13ej); Narty (ED 13gb); Łubiec
(Ed 13gi); Kępiaste (ED 13hi); Koszówka (ED 13ib); Aleksandrów (ED 14ac); Janówek (ED
14ah); Wiersze (ED 14bd); Truskawka (ED 14be); Kiścienne (ED 14ca); Ławy (ED 14ff); Buda
(ED 14fi); Wyględy Górne (ED 14ge); Zaborówek (ED 14ia); Sieraków (ED 15dc)
Kromnów (ED 02id); Dąbrówka (ED 03jj); Brzozówka (ED 04ie); Miszory (ED 12aa, ED
12ab, ED 12ba, ED 12bb); Bieliny (ED 12ea); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13af, ED 13ag); Zamość
(ED 13dc); Lubiec (ED 13gi); Szymanówek (ED 13hg); Zaborówek (ED 13jj); Truskawka
(ED 14af); Buda (ED 14gj)
Centauretalia cyani not found (Kobendza 1930)
Rybitew (ED 03gi); Brzozówka (ED 04ie, ED 04jb); Górki (ED 13ed, ED 13de); Łubiec (ED
Centauretalia cyani 13gi); Korfowe (ED 13id); Kiścienne (ED 14ca); Kepiaste (ED 14fa, ED 14ga); Wiersze (ED
14cd); Wólka (ED 14gh)
Stellarietea mediae
Stellarietea mediae
Grochale Nowe (ED 03di)4; Rybitew (ED 03fh, ED 03fi); Cybulice Duże (ED 04fa); Brzozówka
(ED 04jd); Janówek (ED 04jh, ED 14ag); Miszory (ED 12aa, ED 12ab); Famułki Królewskie
(ED 12bd, ED 12be, ED 12bf, ED 12bg, ED 12ce); Bieliny (ED12ea, ED 12eb, ED 12ec, ED
12eh, ED 12ei); Bromierzyk (ED 12ee); Lasocin (ED 12fa, ED 12fb, ED 12fd); Granica (ED
12gi); Dąbrówka (ED 13ai, ED 13aj); Cisowe (ED 13ba); Górki (ED 13bd, ED 13be); Stara
Centauretalia cyani
Dąbrowa (ED 13bf); Nowa Dąbrowa (ED 13bg, ED 13bh, ED 13bi, ED 13cg); Górki (ED
13df); Narty (ED 13gb); Szymanówek (ED 13gg); Łubiec (ED 13fi, ED 13fj); Korfowe (ED
13he); Kępiaste (ED 13hi, ED 14ga, ED 14ha); Aleksandrów (ED 14aa, ED 14ab, ED 14ba);
Kiścienne (ED 14ca); Wiersze (ED 14cd); Buda (ED 14ej); Wólka (ED 14gf); Mariew (ED
14gh); Truskaw (ED 15ea); Sieraków (ED 15de)
Caucalidion
lappulae
CaucalidoScandicetum
Syntaxonomic unit2
Table 2. Characteristics of threatened segetal species in Kampinoski National Park. AP – apophyte, AR – archaeophyte, KE – kenophyte, * – species whose occurrence was
not confirmed at known localities and for which no new localities were found within KNP.
108
A. BOMANOWSKA
AR
KE
AP
AP
AR
AR
AR
AP
AP
AR
B. secalinus L.*
Camelina microcarpa Andrz.
subsp. sylvestris (Wallr.) Hiitonen
Centunculus minimus L.
Chenopodium polyspermum L.
Consolida regalis Gray
Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.
Euphorbia exigua L.*
Filago arvensis L.
F. minima (Sm.) Pers.
Fumaria officinalis L. s.l.
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Śladów (ED 01ij); Kromnów (ED 02ib, ED 02he); Nowe Polesie (ED 02ij); Rybitew (ED
03fh); Famułki Brochowskie (ED 12ee); Granica (ED 12gi); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13ah); Górki
(ED 13cd); Zamość (ED 13dc); Kępiaste (ED 13hi, ED 13hj, ED 14ga, ED 14ha); Roztoka
(ED 14ea); Wiersze (ED 14bc); Krogulec (ED 14dc); Ławy (ED 14ge); Sadykierz (ED 14fh);
Wólka (ED 14gh); Buda (ED 14fj, ED 14gj)
Kromnów (ED 02he, ED 02id); Rybitew (ED 03gi, ED 03fi); Bieliny (ED 12da, ED 12ea);
Lasocin (ED 12fb); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13af, ED 13bf); Górki (ED 13be, ED 13dd); Cisowe
(ED 13cc); Zamość (ED 13da, ED 13db, ED 13dc); Józefów (ED 13hb); Koszówka (ED 13ia,
ED 13ib); Korfowe (ED 13id); Szymanówek (ED 13ig); Kępiaste (ED 14fa); Wiersze (ED
14cc); Buda (ED 14gj)
Wilcze Śladowskie (ED 01ii); Kromnów (ED 02ib, ED 02ic, ED 02hd, ED 02he); Rybitew
(ED 03fh); Feliksów (ED 03fj); Nowy Wilków (ED 03gd); Nowe Polesie (ED 03hd); Cybulice
Duże (ED 04fa, ED 04ga); Brzozówka (ED 04ie); Miszory (ED 12ab); Bieliny (ED 12da, ED
12ea); Cisowe (ED 13ba); Zamość (ED 13da); Górki (ED 13be, ED 13df, ED 13ed); Nowa
Dąbrowa (ED 13bg, ED 13cg); Nowe Budy (ED 13dg); Koszówka (ED 13ib); Korfowe (ED
13he); Łubiec (ED 13fj); Aleksandrów (ED 14ab); Wiersze (ED 14bd); Truskawka (ED 14bf);
Krogulec (ED 14cc, ED 14dc); Kępiaste (ED 14fa); Ławy (ED 14fe); Wólka (ED 14gf, ED
14gg); Sadowa (ED 15ae)
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Bieliny (ED 12ea) – Kirpluk 2005 and unpublished
Brzozówka (ED 04jd); Miszory (ED 11aj, ED 12aa, ED 12ba); Famułki Królewskie (ED
12bf, ED 12bg); Famułki Brochowskie (ED 12ee); Łazy Leśne (ED 12ff); Zalasek (ED 12fh);
Granica (ED 12gj); Cisowe (ED 13bc, ED 13cc); Aleksandrów (ED 14ac); Buda (ED 14ej);
Kępiaste (ED 14fa, ED 14ha)
Śladów (ED 01ij); Piaski Królewskie (ED 02ie, ED 02if, ED 02ig); Brzozówka (ED 04jc); Bieliny
(ED 12da, ED 12ea); Lasocin (ED 12fb); Koszówka (ED 13ia); Aleksandrów (ED 14ac)
OxalidoChenopodietum
Centauretalia
cyani, ConsolidoBrometum
Eragrostion,
PanicoEragrostietum
Caucalidion
lappulae
Vicio lathyroidisPotentillion
KoelerioCorynephoretea
VeronicoFumarietum
(cont.)
Korfowe (ED 13id)
Ławy (ED 14ge) – Kirpluk 2003, 2005
not found (Kobendza 1930; Pasternak-Kuśmierska 1988; Wójcik & Kmošek 1988)
CentunculoAnthoceretum
Centauretalia
cyani, ConsolidoBrometum
Endangered and threatened segetal plants
109
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AR
AR
Gagea pratensis (Pers.)
Dumort.
Gnaphalium luteo-album L.
Herniaria glabra L.
Holosteum umbellatum L.
Hypericum humifusum L.
Illecebrum verticillatum L.*
Juncus capitatus Weigel
Lolium remotum Schrank*
Melandrium noctiflorum (L.)
Fr.
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Geographichistorical
group1
Species
No.
Table 2. Continued.
Caucalidion
lappulae
near Mariew (D.1.18)5, near Czosnów (D.8.2 ) – Głowacki & Ferchmin 2003
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Brzozówka (ED 04jb); Bieliny (ED 12ea); Nowe Budy (ED 13dg); Korfowe (ED 13id); Brzozówka (ED 14ac)
IsöetoNanojuncetea
Lolio-Linion
not found (Kobendza 1930; Nowak 1983)
SpergularioIllecebretum
Kromnów (ED 02ib); Feliksów (ED 03fj); Brzozówka (ED 04ie); Bieliny (ED 12ea); Miszory
(ED 12ba); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13bf); Nowe Budy (ED 13dg); Korfowe (ED 13id); Łubiec (ED
13fi); Kępiaste (ED 13hi); Aleksandrów (ED 14ab, ED 14ac); Janówek (ED 14ah); Buda (ED
14ei); Mariew (ED 14gh, ED 14gi)
Aphanenion
arvensis
Radiolion linoidis
Brzozówka (ED 04jc); Janówek (ED 04jg); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13af, ED 13ag); Cisowe (ED 13cc);
Górki (ED 13ce, ED 13de); Nowa Dąbrowa (ED 13cg); Szymanówek (ED 13gh); Zaborówek (ED
13ij); Wiersze (ED 14bd); Truskaw (ED 15ea)
Vicio lathyroidisPotentillion,
ScleranthoHerniarietum
Wilcze Śladowskie (ED 01ii); Kromnów (ED 02ia, ED 02ic, ED 02id); Nowe Polesie (ED
02ij); Grochale Nowe (ED 03di); Rybitew (ED 03fi); Dąbrówka (ED 03jj); Cybulice Małe
(ED 04ea); Cybulice Duże (ED 04fa); Brzozówka (ED 04id, ED 04ie); Bieliny (ED 12da,
ED 12ea); Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13af, ED 13ag, ED 13bf); Nowa Dąbrowa (ED 13bg, ED
13bh, ED 13cf, ED 13ch); Górki (ED 13be, ED 13df); Łubiec (ED 13fi, ED 13fj); Korfowe
(ED 13ic, ED 13id); Aleksandrów (ED 14ab, ED 14ac); Truskawka (ED 14be); Wiersze (ED
14cd); Roztoka (ED 14da); Krogulec (ED 14dc); Ławy (ED 14fe); Buda (ED 14fj); Mariew
(ED 14gi); Sadowa (ED 15ae)
Górki (ED 13de); Krogulec (ED 14db); Buda (ED 14ei, ED 14fj, ED 14gj)
Piaski Królewskie (ED 02ie, ED 02if); Grochale Nowe (ED 03dj); Rybitew (ED 03fh, ED
03fi, ED 03gi); Dąbrówka (ED 03jj); Brzozówka (ED 04jc); Bieliny (ED 12eh, ED 12ei);
Kampinos (ED 12ij); Bieliny (ED 12da, ED 12ea); Lasocin (ED 12fa); Stara Dąbrowa (ED
13ag, ED 13ai); Łubiec (ED 13fi, ED 13gj); Kępiaste (ED 13hi); Korfowe (ED 13id); Buda
(ED 14ei, ED 14ej)
Present localities3
Cyperetalia fusci
Aphanenion
arvensis
Syntaxonomic unit2
110
A. BOMANOWSKA
AP
AR
AR
AR
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AP
AR
Myosurus minimus L.
Nigella arvensis L.*
Papaver argemone L.
P. dubium L.
Peplis portula L.*
Polycnemum arvense L.*
Portulaca oleracea L. s.l.*
Radiola linoides Roth
Ranunculus sardous Crantz
Saxifraga tridactylites L.
Veronica opaca Fr.*
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Śladów (ED 01ij); Bieliny (ED 12eb); Famułki Brochowskie (ED 12ee); Lasocin (ED 12fa);
Stara Dąbrowa (ED 13ai); Roztoka (ED 13ej); Zaborówek (ED 13ij); Wiersze (ED 14bb);
Korfowe (ED 13id)
Rybitew (ED 03fh, ED 03fi, ED 03gi); Nowy Wilków (ED 03gd); Nowe Polesie (ED 03hd);
Cybulice Małe (ED 04eb); Cybulice Duże (ED 04ah, ED 04ia); Miszory (ED 11aj, ED 12ab,
ED 12bb); Famułki Królewskie (ED 12bc, ED 12bd, ED 12ce); Bieliny (ED 12eh); Lasocin (ED
12fd); Dąbrówka (ED 13ai, ED 13aj); Cisowe (ED 13bc); Zamość (ED 13da, ED 13dc); Górki
(ED 13dd); Łubiec (ED 13fi, ED 13gj); Narty (ED 13gb); Józefów (ED 13ha); Koszówka (ED
13ib); Janówek (ED 14ag); Aleksandrów (ED 14ba); Wiersze (ED 14bb, ED 14bc, ED 14bd);
Krogulec (ED 14cc, ED 14dc); Roztoka (ED 14da); Ławy (ED 14fe); Kępiaste (ED 14ha)
not found (Kobendza 1930; Nowak 1983)
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Caucalidion
lappulae
Papaveretum
argemones
Aphanenion
arvensis
IsöetoNanojuncetea
Aperion spicaeventi
Grabnik (ED 12hg) – Michalska-Hejduk 2006
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Lamio-Veronicetum
politae
Lipków (ED 15hc) – Kirpluk 2005 and personal information
Korfowe (ED 13id)
Festuco-Brometea
Cynosurion
Radiolion linoidis
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Rybitew (ED 03fi); Stanisławów Łazowski (ED 12he); Kampinos (ED 12ij); Buda (ED 14gj);
Sieraków (ED 15de)
RanunculoMyosuretum
Eragrostion
not found (Kobendza 1930)
Stellarietea mediae
1
– after Zając (1979) and Mirek et al. (2002), 2 – after Matuszkiewicz (2001) and Zarzycki et al. (2002), 3 – present localities of threatened species based on own field studies;
information about present localities taken after other authors for six species (source given in table), 4 – number of ATPOL square (small letters mean 1 × 1 km basic square),
5
– code of spatial unit (forest range) of KNP.
AR
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf.*
27
Endangered and threatened segetal plants
111
112
(CR) and Radiola linoides (CR) were recorded
at only one locality (Table 1) with populations
numbering less than 50 specimens; Gnaphalium
luteo-album (VU) was recorded from 5 localities,
each consisting of just over a dozen individuals.
Only Hypericum humifusum is still widespread
in segetal habitats of KNP. During recent field
studies, 38 localities were found for this species;
most of them numbered less than 100 individuals,
many of which were sterile.
Recession of hygrophile species in the study
area is probably linked to large-scale drainage done
several times after World War II in the Kampinos
Forest, lowering the water table and drying the
ground (Gutry-Korycka 2003). Warcholińska (1985)
gave similar reasons for the disappearance of localities for this group of species in central Poland.
The group of species classified as near threatened (NT) included species with the lowest recorded decrease in the number of localities among
species subjected to the value estimation procedure
(e.g., Anagallis arvensis, Filago minima), and also
taxa that are rare in Kampinoski National Park
(e.g., Chenopodium polyspermum, Consolida regalis, Gagea pratensis, Herniaria gabra, Holosteum umbellatum) (Kobendza 1930; Nowak 1983;
Głowacki & Ferchmin 2003). The main factors
leading to habitat fragmentation and threatening
the populations of these species are abandonment of agriculture and isolation of arable fields
in Kampinoski National Park.
The least concern (LC) category is represented
by Agrostemma githago, Anchusa arvensis, Digitaria sanguinalis and Papaver dubium. Analysis
of floristic data (Kobendza 1930; Nowak 1983;
Kirpluk 2003) and my own field observations
show that despite a drastic decrease in the total
area of arable fields and changes in the quality
of segetal habitats, these species are still widespread in Kampinoski National Park. They have
numerous localities (Tables 1 & 2) and their
populations are stable. Some of them, such as
Agrostemma githago, Consolida regalis and
Papaver dubium, were also recorded in ruderal
habitats (Kotowska 1988; Kirpluk 2003, 2005).
There is a realistic chance of preserving these
species within KNP since most of their current
A. BOMANOWSKA
localities are found within landscape protection
areas (Bomanowska 2006).
The data deficient (DD) category was assigned
only to Avena strigosa, for which not enough data
are available to place it in any of the above threat
categories. Localities of this species were found
in Kampinoski National Park as late as the 1990s
(Bomanowska 2005), and further field work is
necessary in order to determine the current status
of this nationally threatened (Warcholińska 1994)
segetal species in the study area.
CONCLUDING
REMARKS
Without doubt the greatest threat to segetal species in Kampinoski National Park is the reduction of the arable field area that took place after
the Kampinos Forest was placed under area-type
protection. The purchase and afforestation of agricultural land by the park drastically decreased
the area of segetal habitats and limited their accessibility. This spelled doom for species that had
single or sparse localities, such as Adonis aestivalis, Illecebrum verticillatum, Nigella arvensis or
Veronica opaca. Alteration of the water regime in
the Kampinos Forest limited the area of occurrence
of hygrophilous species.
Despite the unfavorable habitat changes, small
arable fields within Kampinoski National Park
continue to provide refuges for valuable and rare
species such as Agrostemma githago, Consolida
regalis, Juncus capitatus, Gagea pratensis and
others. Traditional extensive agriculture in the
studied area gives a chance for these species,
which are effectively eliminated from intensively
cultivated large-surface fields, to survive.
The presented listing of extinct and threatened
species of arable habitats applies only locally. Floristic studies in KNP are advanced enough to enable the status of many segetal plant species to be
assessed there. Further studies are needed in some
cases, so these results may be slightly modified
and supplemented later.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I thank the anonymous reviewer
for valuable comments and suggestions about the manuscript, and Professor Leszek Kucharski for consultations
and discussions on the first draft.
Endangered and threatened segetal plants
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