12 Szczesna I.indd - Journal of Apicultural Science

Vol. 55 No. 1 2011
Journal of Apicultural Science
111
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLISH UNIFLORAL HONEYS.
I. RAPE HONEY
(BRASSICA NAPUS L. VAR. OLEIFERA METZGER)*
Teresa Szczęsna, Helena Rybak-Chmielewska,
Ewa Waś, Katarzyna Kachaniuk, Dariusz Teper
Research Institute of Horticulture, Apiculture Division,
Department of Bee Products. Kazimierska 2, 24-100 Puławy
E-mail: [email protected]
*The research was conducted within the framework of a research and development project - contract no 0599/R/P01/2007/03
Received 27 April 2011; Accepted 01 June 2011
S u m m a r y
The research was done as part of a larger project typifying varieties of honey collected in Poland
in recent years. For samples of rape honey collected in 2007-2010 the following parameters were
determined: water, sugars, α-amylase activity, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), pH and free acidity,
electrical conductivity and proline. Melissopalynological and sensory analysis (colour, consistency,
flavour, aroma, manner of crystallisation) were used to establish the botanical origin of the samples
tested. The research employed routine methodology which was validated and recommended by
the International Honey Commission.
Physicochemical parameters of rape honey have not changed significantly over the last 30 years
despite the introduction of new rapeseed varieties in agriculture and implementation of modern
analytical methods in research. Rape honey is typically low in electrical conductivity and low in
activity of α-amylase as well as low in free acidity and proline content. These parameters show great
variability in this honey variety. Amendments are needed in Polish and international normalising
documents as regards the minimum requirements for electrical conductivity (0.1 mS/cm), free
acidity (5 mval/kg) and proline content (18 mg/100 g). Such a change would permit a relatively easy
detection of low quality or adulterated honey.
Keywords: rape honey, honey variety, characteristics, organoleptic traits, pollen analysis,
physicochemical parameters, Poland.
INTRODUCTION
Research in the last 20 years, by scientists
associated with the International Honey
Commission (IHC), has allowed for the
formulation of modern methods of analysis
(Bogdanov et al., 1997). Research has
also allowed for the characterisation of
a number of honey varieties harvested
in Europe. These varieties are: rape,
heather, sweet chestnut, citrus, eucalyptus,
sunflower,
lavender,
rhododendron,
robinia, rosemary, dandelion, thyme, lime,
honeydew (Persano Oddo and Piro,
2004). Polish climatic and soil conditions
permit a variety of honeys to be collected
with physicochemical features typical
for a given variety. Such honeys were
thoroughly tested at the Research Institute
of Pomology and Floriculture, Apiculture
Division in Puławy in the 1980's (Rybak,
1986). Rape honey is one of the varieties
which has been relatively poorly researched
and rarely written about in literature
(Rybak, 1986; Persano Oddo and Piro,
2004; Semkiw et al., 2008a; Semkiw et
al., 2008b; Semkiw et al., 2009; Semkiw
et al., 2010). Nonetheless, both winter and
spring rape varieties have been widely
recognized for years now, in many countries,
especially in Central and Eastern Europe,
as an excellent forage plant supplying bees
112
with both nectar and pollen. In Poland,
the rape varieties currently used (except
hybrid varieties) are a good resource for
commercial harvesting of the first variety
of honey (Kołtowski, 2001, 2002, 2003,
2005, 2007). Rape honey had a light, straw
colour; its aroma is weak and it resembles
the aroma of rape flowers. The flavour is
sweet and slightly bitter (Rybak, 1986).
The colour of rape honey expressed in mm
of Pfund scale stays within the range of
20.0-34.3, with an average value of 26.2
(Persano Oddo and Piro, 2004). Rape
honey crystallises very fast, usually within
two weeks of collection due to its high
glucose content.
Polish rape variety honeys were tested
for pollen content by such authors as
Lecewicz (1979), Demianowicz et
al. (1981) and Semkiw et al. (2008b)
among others. Results of the pollen analysis
of European rape honeys, obtained through
the cooperation of a number of European
laboratories, were published by Persano
Oddo and Piro (2004).
Data presented in literature related with
rape honey chemical composition as well
as some physical features of rape honey
indicate its low electrical conductivity,
free acidity and proline and low fructose
to glucose ratio, with the average value
of about 1. Low activity of α-amylase
expressed by diastase number (DN) is also
typical for this honey variety (Rybak,
1986; Persano Oddo and Piro, 2004;
Semkiw et al., 2008b; Semkiw et
al., 2009; Semkiw et al., 2010). Rybak
(1986) included rape honey in the group
of spring nectar honeys, the same group
contained robinia honeys and orchard
honeys.
The document regulating quality
requirements of honey in Poland is
the Statute from 21 December 2000
about the trade quality of foodstuffs
and agricultural products (Ustawa
z dnia 21 grudnia 2000 r. o jakości
handlowej artykułów rolno-spożywczych).
The executive legislation of this Statute is the
Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development, of Oct. 3, 2003,
which states in detail, the requirements
for trade honey quality (Rozporządzenie
Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia
03.10.2003). The Decree introduced
Poland to the EU Council requirements
(COUNCIL DIRECTIVE, 2002).
The aim of the study was to
characterise rape honey harvested
in
Polish
apicultural
conditions.
The characteristics was described based
on the organoleptic properties (colour,
consistency, flavour, aroma, manner of
crystallisation),
melissopalynological
analysis and physicochemical properties
(water, sugars, α-amylase activity,
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), pH and
free acidity, electrical conductivity and
proline).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Rape honey samples (105) were
collected in 2007-2010 from Polish apiaries
located in different parts of the country.
Organoleptic testing, melissopalynological
and physicochemical analyses were
conducted in the Apiculture Division of
the Research Institute of Pomology and
Floriculture in Puławy, Poland.
For the purpose of the organoleptic
appraisal (aroma, flavour, colour and
manner of crystallisation) the terms
contained in the Polish Standard
(PN- 88/ A-77626, 1998) were used.
The results were then compared with
the requirements for rape honey.
For colour measurement, a colorimetric
method was employed with the use
of a spectrophotometric colorimeter
Lovibond PFX 195, which allowed
the results to be read in mm Pfund (Fell,
1978; Bogdanov et al., 2004).
Analysis of pollen was done according to
the Polish Standard (PN-88/A-77626, 1998
based on Louveaux et al., 1978).
The
scope
of
physicochemical
analysis included determination of:
water, sugars, α-amylase activity,
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), pH
and free acidity, electrical conductivity
and proline. The tests employed modern
methods which were verified and
Vol. 55 No. 1 2011
Journal of Apicultural Science
recommended by the International Honey
Commission (Bogdanov et al., 1997;
Bogdanov, 2004; Bogdanov, 2009).
Some of the methods were modified and
validated in a laboratory. The methods
are also detailed in the Regulation
of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development of Jan. 14, 2009
(Rozporządzenie Ministra Rolnictwa
i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia 14.01.2009 r.).
Water content was determined by
a refractometric method compliant with
the Polish Standard (PN-88/A-77626,
1998) using digital refractometer Atago
RX-500α, which permits a water content
readout at temperature of 20°C.
The content of various sugars (fructose,
glucose, saccharose, turanose, maltose,
trehalose and isomaltose) was determined
by an HPLC method using a refractometric
detector (RI) with Shimandzu equipment.
Particular sugars were identified by
their retention time (quality analysis).
The quantity analysis was marked
using an external standard method, by
comparing areas of particular sugar peaks
in a standard solution with areas of peaks
of the same sugars in a honey solution
(Rybak-Chmielewska and Szczęsna,
2003; Rybak-Chmielewska, 2007a,
2007b).
An activity level of α-amylase (diastase)
was determined by the Phadebas
method (Bogdanov, 1984; Bo gdanov
et al., 1997; Persano Oddo and
Pulcini, 1999) using a spectrophotometer
Spekord 200 Analytic Jena. In this method,
the activity of α-amylase is expressed as
a diastase number (DN) in Schade units.
One Schade unit represents the activity of
the enzyme contained in 1 g of honey that
may hydrolyse 0.01 g of starch within 1 hour
at the temperature of 40°C. The Phadebas
method is based on an enzymatic reaction
in which an insoluble blue dyed crosslinked type of starch is used as the substrate
(Pharmacia Diagnostics). The starch is
hydrolysed by α-amylase contained in
honey. As a result, the compounds which
are blue in water, are created. Intensity of
the colour is in proportion to the level of
113
the enzyme activity in the honey sample.
A determination is made by measuring
absorption at a 620 nm wavelength.
HMF content was determined employing
a method of reverse phase HPLC using UV
detector and an external standard method,
by comparing areas of HMF peak in
a standard solution of a known concentration
with areas of HMF in a honey solution
(Bogdanov et al., 1997; Szczęsna and
Rybak-Chmielewska, 1999; Zappala
et al., 2005). HPLC equipment by Knauer
was used.
Free acidity and pH was determined by
potentiometric titration (Bogdanov et al.,
1997) using DL50 titrator set by Mettler
Toledo with an autosampler Rondolino.
The method is based on neutralising acidic
contents of honey with 0.1N solution of
sodium hydroxide to pH 8.3.
Electrical conductivity was determined
by a conductometric method using
the conductometer inoLAB Cond 730
by WTW. The method is based on
measuring the conductivity of a 20%
honey solution calculated for dry mass
and for the temperature of 20˚C, using
the temperature correction factor for
honey of 2.6%/°C, determined in our
earlier research (Szczęsna and RybakChmielewska, 2004).
Proline content was determined by
a colorimetric method (White and Rudyj,
1978; PN-88/A-77626, 1998) on the
spectrophotometer Spekord 200 Analytic
Jena. The method involves separating
proline from other amino acids in honey
sample using propano-2-ol followed by
colorimetric measurement of its coloured
ninhydrin complex.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rape honey in its liquid state had light,
straw colour; in mm Pfund the colour value
was between 8 to 59 with the average of
35.6 and a standard deviation of 11.2
(Tab. 1). Once crystallised, the colour of
the honey was white- or greyish-cream;
the aroma was weak and approaching
the aroma of rape flowers. The flavour was
sweet and slightly bitter. The organoleptic
114
properties of rape honey were consistent
with the requirements set in Polish Standard
(PN-88/A-77626, 1998) and with earlier
research into Polish honey done by Rybak
(1986). Organoleptic features presented
by Persano Oddo and Piro (2004),
who employed procedures accepted by
many EU countries, characterise the honey
variety more fully. In this work, the results
of the colour values of rape honey harvested
in Poland in recent years, and expressed
in mm Pfund, show higher variability
(coefficient of variation 31.5%) when
compared with the results for the same
variety harvested in countries of Northern
and Western Europe (Persano Oddo and
Piro, 2004). According to these authors,
the colour of rape honey ranged from 20.0
to 34.3 mm, with the average of 26.2.
Content of Brassica pollen in the samples
tested was 45.2 - 66,8% (average 52.3%),
the total pollen count in 10 g of honey
(PG/10 g) was from 18 500 to 61 100,
on average 46 200 (Tab. 1). The results
obtained are close to the ones published
earlier (Lecewicz, 1979; Demia nowicz
et al., 1981; Persano Oddo and Piro,
2004; Semkiw et al., 2008b).
The average water content of rape honey
was 17.3% and fluctuated from 15.4 to
19.9, with a variation coefficient of 6.2%.
Only slightly higher values of water
content in domestic honey were found
earlier by Rybak (1986), on average
17.7%, and Semkiw et al. (2008a) on
average, 18.1%. Content of water in rape
honey from other European countries was
on a similar level (Persano Oddo and
Piro, 2004). Acidity, low in this honey
variety, is not sufficient to inhibit yeast
development and as a result the honey
loses its organoleptic and physicochemical
characteristics. Fermentation prohibits
the honey from being used for human
consumption. It should not be for sale on
the market because it is potentially harmful
for human health.
A chromatographic analysis of sugars in
rape honey showed the average fructose
content to be 37.6 g/100 g. The minimal
value was 31.9 and the maximum value was
40.3. Very similar values were obtained for
glucose. The content of monosaccharides in
rape honey, expressed as a sum of fructose
and glucose was, on average, 74.9 g/100 g
and oscillated from 68.0 to 79.1 g/100 g.
The content of both fructose and glucose
was relatively stable; the variation
coefficient for these sugars was 3.4%
and 4.4%, respectively. All the honey
samples tested fulfilled the requirements
set in the Regulation of the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development
(Rozporządzenie Ministra Rolnictwa
i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia 03.10.2003) for
the content of monosaccharides - minimum
of 60 g/100 g. The ratio of fructose to
glucose (F/G) found in the research was in
the range of 0.88 to 1.13 with the average
value of 1.01. The high content of glucose,
as compared with fructose, in rape honey
results in a F/G ratio approaching 1,
which our research confirmed. The high
glucose content causes fast crystallisation
of the honey, usually within one week
from extraction. A low F/G ratio in rape
honey was also presented by other authors
in earlier publications (Persano Oddo
and Piro, 2004; Semkiw et al., 2009).
In chromatographic characteristics of
sugar composition in rape honey, done
by Persano Oddo and Piro (2004), the
monosaccharides content was found to be
higher than in our work (78.7 g/100 g).
Similarly higher results were obtained by
Rybak (1986) for domestic honey samples
(77.7 g/100 g), while Semkiw et al. (2009)
found almost 10% less monosaccharides in
the same honey variety (69.2 g/100 g).
The rape honey samples tested in
this work had only a small content of
disaccharides such as saccharose, turanose,
maltose, trehalose and isomaltose. For
105 samples tested, 82 samples had a
saccharose content which was found to be
below the determination limit (0.5 mg/kg).
In the remaining 23 samples, the content
of saccharose was 0.5 to 2.4 g/100 g.
In all samples, the values were much
lower than the admissible 5 g/100 g as
set in the Regulation of the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development
Vol. 55 No. 1 2011
Journal of Apicultural Science
(Rozporządzenie Ministra Rolnictwa
i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia 03.10.2003).
The content of other disaccharides tested
was from 0.5 g/100 g (determination limit)
to 2.7 g/100 g for turanose, to 3.5 g/100 g
for maltose, to 1.6 g/100 g for trehalose
and to 0.7 g/100 g for isomaltose.
Research on the occurrence of
disaccharides in rape honey is still
incomplete, for example the work by
Persano Oddo and Piro (2004) only
considers one disaccharide occurring in
honey - saccharose. Its content in rape
honey determined by these authors, to
be on the average of 0.3 g/100 g, and
with the minimum and maximum values
of from 0.0 to 1.0 g/100 g, respectively.
Other authors (Semkiw et al., 2009)
present the total content of disaccharides
(on average 5.33 g/100 g). Our erlier
research into sugar composition of
115
different varieties of Polish honey using
a GC technique, also does not include
rape honey (Rybak-Chmielewska and
Szczęsna, 2000).
The dissimilarities in sugar content
of rape honey presented by different
authors may result, not only from varied
geographical origins of samples, but
also from diverse methods of analysis:
GC, HPLC, Lane-Eynon (Rybak,
1986;
Rybak-Chmielewska
and
Szczęs n a , 2000; Semkiw et al., 2009).
The chromatographic methods (HPLC,
GC) allow for the possibility of gaining
more precise information about the tested
honey sample, and these methods present
the precise composition and content
of sugars. In the Lane-Eynon method,
however, reducing sugars (fructose
and glucose) are determined, while
other reducing di- and trisaccharides
Table 1
Physicochemical properties and pollen analysis of rape honey
Parameter
Unit
Min - Max
Coefficient of
Mean Standard
deviation variation (%)
35.6
11.21
31.5
52.3
7.4
14.2
46.2
12.4
26.9
17.3
1.1
6.2
37.6
1.26
3.4
37.3
1.63
4.4
74.9
2.36
3.2
1,01
0.05
5.0
14.0
5.11
36.5
Colour
Mm Pfund
8 - 59
Brassica pollen
%
45.2 - 66.8%
18.5 - 61.1
Pollen absolute number PG/10g·103
Water
g/100g
15.4 - 19.9
Fructose (F)
g/100g
31.9 - 40.3
Glucose (G)
g/100g
32.3 - 40.7
F+G*
g/100g
68.0 - 79.1
F/G**
0.88 - 1.13
Saccharose
g/100g
0.5*** - 2.4
Turanose
g/100g
0.5*** - 2.7
Maltose
g/100g
0.5*** - 3.5
Trehalose
g/100g
0.5*** - 1.6
Izomaltose
g/100g
0.5*** - 0.7
Diastase (DN)
Shade****
7.7 - 35.6
HMF
mg/kg
0.5 - 13.1
Free acidity
mval/kg
7.6 - 29.9
11.3
3.34
29.6
pH
3.86 - 4.42
4.10
0.12
2.9
Electrical conductivity
mS/cm
0.12 - 0.34
0.20
0.06
27.3
Proline
mg/100g
14.2 - 46.6
24.1
7.19
29.8
* - sum of monosaccharides (fructose and glucose)
** - fructose to glucose ratio
*** - limit of determination
**** - one diastase unit is equivalent to the activity level of the enzyme contained in 1g of honey which
may hydrolyze 0.01g of starch within 1 hour at a temperature of 40˚C
116
are also determined, and in saccharose
determination - also other saccharides,
mainly melezitose are determined.
Results obtained in this research show
a comparatively low α-amylase activity
level in rape honey. This activity, expressed
as a diastase number (DN) in Shade units,
had the average value of 14.0 (the range
was from 7.7 to 35.6) with the variation
coefficient of 36.5%. Earlier results of
Rybak (1986) and Semkiw et al. (2010)
show almost twice as high α-amylase
activity in rape honey harvested in
Poland. The average value of DN obtained
by these researchers was respectively
29.6 (12.6-37.5) and 23.47 (11.83-42.44).
A higher activity of α-amylase
(26.9 Shade units on average) was found
in rape honeys from other Central and
Eastern European countries (Persano
Oddo and Piro, 2004). In almost
20% of honey samples tested in this
work, the value of DN was at the limit
(8 Shade unit) of the requirements set by the
Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Development (Rozporządzenie
Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia
03.10.2003).
The content of HMF of rape honey
remained in the range of 0.5 to 13.1 mg/kg.
This parameter presented high variability
among the samples tested, however, even
the highest values of HMF content were
about three times lower than the admissible
limit (40 mg/kg) set out in the Regulation
of the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development (Rozporządzenie
Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia
03.10.2003). The content of HMF in Polish
honey as tested by Curyło (1972) did not
usually exceed 10 mg/kg. The average
value of HMF in Polish rape honey tested
by Semkiw et al. (2010) was a much lower
0.8 mg/kg (0.3-1.0 mg/kg). The samples
tested in this research were supplied by
beekeepers. Storage conditions prior to the
arrival of the samples to the laboratory were
unknown. This might have been the reason
for the relatively low α-amylase activity
and raised content of HMF in comparison
with other researchers. Both parameters are
sensitive to heat and change if the honey is
stored in improper conditions (long storage
time, high temperature).
Free acidity of rape honey was
11.3 mval/ kg and fluctuated from 7.6 to
29.9 mval/kg, with a variation coefficient of
almost 30%. Low variability in the variety
tested was shown by the pH value which had
an average 4.10 (3.86-4.42). The variation
coefficient for this parameter was less
than 3%. From other data published, it
transpires that the results for free acidity in
rape honey are concurrent with the results
of Persano Oddo and Piro (2004)
and Curyło and Rybak (1973). In
comparison with the results obtained by
Rybak (1986) and Semkiw et al. (2010)
for the samples originated from Poland,
the average results were lower by about
5 mval/kg. A comparatively small number
of samples tested by these authors (Rybak,
1986; Semkiw et al., 2010), as opposed
to 105 samples used in this research, could
have been the reason for the divergence in
the results for this parameter. In the case
of honey acidity, the results obtained are
confirmed by Rybak (1986) and Persano
Oddo and Piro (2004). Currently, the
effective normalising documents do not
set minimum value in regards to free
acidity of honey. However, Polish standard
(PN-88/A-77626, 1998), although not
a currently binding document but still in
use, sets a minimum value at no less than
10 mval/kg. In 40% of the rape honey
samples tested here, the free acidity was
from 7.7 to 9.9 mval/kg. These samples
therefore did not satisfy the requirements
of the Polish Standard (PN-88/A-77626,
1998).
Electrical conductivity of rape honey
ranged from 0.12 to 0.34 mS/ cm, on average
0.20 mS/cm, with a standard deviation of
0.06 and variation coefficient of 27.3%.
In the case of electrical conductivity, 32%
of the tested rape honey samples did not
satisfy the requirements set by the Polish
Standard (PN- 88/ A- 77626, 1998), where
the lower limit is 0.2 mS/ cm. The results
presented in this work are concurrent with
the results of Persano Oddo and Piro
Vol. 55 No. 1 2011
Journal of Apicultural Science
(2004) and Semkiw et al. (2008b). This
parameter, as measured in earlier research
by Rybak (1986), was much higher
and was, on average, 0.30 mS/cm for
domestic honey samples. The divergence
in the results could have resulted from the
recent introduction of modern equipment
and a more accurate temperature correction
factor 2.6%/˚C (Szczęsna and RybakChmielewska, 2004) during electrical
conductivity measurement.
An additional criterion in honey
appraisal may be proline content. The
Polish Standard (PN-88/A-77626, 1998)
sets the minimum of this parameter at no
less than 25 mg/100 g. This requirement
is not present in current international
standards; however, the majority of EU
honey importers demand the proline
content be stated and usually no lower than
180- 200 mg/kg. The proline content found
in our research on rape honey, ranged from
14.2 to 46.6 mg/100 g, the average value
was 24.1 mg/100 g with a high variation
coefficient of almost 30%. In 25% of the
samples, there was a proline content which
ranged from 15 to 20 mg/100 g, and only
35% of samples satisfied the requirements
of the Polish Standard (PN-88/A-77626,
1998). The average value of proline content
was on a level similar to the one presented
by Persano Oddo and Piro (2004), but
their results showed lower variability.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Rape honey is characterised by low
electrical conductivity, a free acidity
and α-amylase activity and also by a low
content of proline. These parameters
present high variability within this honey
variety.
2. Physicochemical parameters of rape
honey have not changed significantly over
the last 30 years despite the introduction of
new rapeseed varieties in agriculture and
the implementation of modern methods of
analysis in honey research.
3. Content of Brassica pollen and pollen
grain count in 10 g of honey (PG/10 g)
were consistent with the data presented by
other researchers.
117
4. Polish and international regulatory
documents
require
amending.
The minimum values for electrical
conductivity (0.1 mS/cm), free acidity
(5 mval/kg) and proline content
(18 mg/100 g) must be stated. This will
enable a comparatively easy detection of
low quality and adulterated honey.
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CHARAKTERYSTYKA POLSKICH MIODÓW ODMIANOWYCH.
I. MIÓD RZEPAKOWY
(BRASSICA NAPUS L. VAR. OLEIFERA METZGER)*
Szczęsna T., Rybak-Chmielewska H.,
Waś E., Kachaniuk K., Teper D.
S t r e s z c z e n i e
W ramach charakterystyki różnych odmian miodu pozyskiwanych w ostatnim czasie w Polsce
w niniejszej pracy opisano miód rzepakowy. W zebranych w latach 2007-2010 próbkach tej odmiany
oznaczono następujące parametry: wodę, cukry, pH, wolne kwasy, przewodność elektryczną
właściwą, 5-hydroksymetylofurfural (HMF), liczbę diastazową (DN) i prolinę. Pochodzenie
botaniczne badanych próbek miodu zostało określone na podstawie cech organoleptycznych (barwa,
konsystencja, smak, zapach, sposób krystalizacji) i potwierdzone analizą pyłkową. W badaniach
zastosowano najnowsze metody sprawdzone i zalecane przez Międzynarodową Komisję do spraw
Miodu.
Miód rzepakowy w stanie płynnym charakteryzował się jasną słomkową barwą, W stanie
skrystalizowanym miód ten miał barwę biało- lub szarokremową, a zapach był słabo wyczuwalny,
zbliżony do zapachu kwiatów rzepaku, smak słodki, lekko gorzkawy. Zawartość pyłku Brassica
wyniosła 45,2 - 66,8% (średnio 52,3%), a całkowita liczba ziaren pyłku w 10 g miodu (PG/10 g)
mieściła się w granicach 18 500 - 61 100 (średnio 46 200). Parametry fizykochemiczne miodu
rzepakowego nie zmieniły się istotnie na przestrzeni 30 lat, pomimo wprowadzania do upraw
nowych odmian rzepaku i wykorzystania w badaniach nowoczesnych metod analitycznych.
Miód rzepakowy charakteryzuje się niską przewodnością elektryczną właściwą (średnio 0,20 mS/ cm)
i aktywnością enzymu α-amylazy (średnio 14,0 Shade), a także niską zawartością wolnych kwasów
(średnio 11,3 mval/kg) i proliny (średnio 24,1 mg/100 g). Parametry te wykazują dużą zmienność
w obrębie tej odmiany miodu. Krajowe i międzynarodowe dokumenty normalizacyjne wymagają
uzupełnienia o minimalne wymagania dla przewodności elektrycznej (0,1 mS/cm), zawartości
wolnych kwasów (5 mval/kg) i zawartości proliny (18 mg/100 g). Pozwoli to na stosunkowo łatwe
wykrywanie miodów niskiej jakości, niepełnowartościowych, zafałszowanych.
Słowa kluczowe: miód rzepakowy, odmiana miodu, charakterystyka, cechy organoleptyczne,
analiza pyłkowa, parametry fizykochemiczne, Polska.