Ericsson Energy and Carbon Report

Ericsson
Energy and
Carbon
Report
On the impact of the networked society
June 2013
Contents
Life-cycle assessments and carbon footprint
2
Introduction3
ICT carbon footprint
4
Networked society
5
Connected devices scenario
6
Development of networks, data centers and equipment over time
7
Energy consumption for operation
8
Smart network planning
9
ICT addressing the climate challenge 10
Reference information
11
Methodology11
references 11
Life-cycle assessments and carbon footprint
›› Ericsson has a long history of research and has
extensive experience in energy consumption and
life-cycle assessments (LCA), having conducted
the first LCA on a switch in 1992, and the next two
on a mobile base station in 1995 and on a mobile
phone that same year. Such assessments have
proven to give valid results, even when reexamined in
hindsight.
›› Carbon footprint is used to explain one aspect of the
environmental impact of a product or service over its
entire lifetime based on a standardized LCA method.
To assess the full impact, the measure CO2e (carbon
dioxide equivalent) is used. About 30 percent of all
CO2e can be accounted for by other gases – such
as methane – and the effect of land use and so on.
When calculating CO2e, other emissions and effects
are normalized to the global warming potential of
CO2 over 100 years.
›› It is always difficult to make accurate energy and CO2
projections as they are sensitive to selected system
boundaries, and there will always be differences of
opinion when it comes to future developments.
›› While carbon footprint or CO2e is used to estimate
the impact of a product or service over its lifetime,
this should not be confused with direct energy
consumption: the measurement of energy needed to
operate the same product or service.
›› The energy consumption for operation of a product
may in economic terms be compared to (and have
a direct impact on operational costs) OPEX, while
a similar economic comparison for an LCA would
look at the life-cycle costs, including all investment,
running, service, maintenance and disposal costs.
Introduction
All ICT equipment and services are dependent on electricity to function. The use of ICT
and related services is expanding rapidly; in
the Ericsson Mobility Report [1] it is predicted
that mobile data will grow 12-fold between
2012 and 2018. This ICT expansion helps
economic growth and development, and
makes the world a more accessible, open
and democratic place. Does it, however, also
mean an equally dramatic increase in energy
use and carbon emissions?
Figure 1:
enabling a
low-carbon
economy
Transport
& travel 13%
Wa
s
te
Forestry 17%
3%
The ICT sector contributes
about 2% of global CO 2 e
emissions, but can help
eliminate a significant portion
of the remaining 98% from
other industries.
ICT
2%
Industry
19%
Buildings
8%
Agriculture
14%
Energy supply
26%
ICT
2%
Source:
Ericsson and
TeliaSonera, 2012
By 2050, 70% of
the global population
will reside in an urban
area or city.
Source:
UN HABITAT
The SMARTer 2020 study
estimates that ICT-enabled
solutions could reduce
global CO 2e emissions by
16.5% in 2020
Source: GeSI
Smart grids can help address
67% of the energy lost due
to inefficiencies before
reaching the consumer
Source: Ernest Orlando Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory and GeSI
ICT solutions
will enable the
low-carbon
economy
of the future…
…and will transform
industries and
cities.
The CO 2e from an annual
mobile subscription is
equal to driving a car for
about 1.5 hours
Stockholm Royal
Seaport is an
ICT-enabled city
district that will be
climate-positive
by 2030
Source: Stockholm Royal
Seaport Innovation
Center
373
million
A 2012 study of eight ICT-related
services in six countries showed they
could produce energy savings of 373
million barrels of oil equivalents per year
Source: Yankee Group and GeSI
Source: Ericsson
Research presented in this report shows that even with
the dramatic growth predicted for ICT, the sector as a
whole is unlikely to surpass 2 percent (Figure 1) of total
global carbon footprint. This is largely due to advances
in technology, and industry efforts to reduce energy
consumption. The report also looks at absolute growth
in terms of energy use, and outlines how the Networked
Society with all its connected devices will affect energy
use and carbon footprint. It also describes how ICT can
provide transformative solutions to offset total global
CO2 emissions from other sectors.
Continued improvements in energy efficiency are
essential in order to balance the growth in user numbers
and data volumes. The trends examined in this report
are based on data collected following improvements
that have already been implemented in system and user
equipment by Ericsson.
The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
and other organizations talk about the general need to
reduce carbon emissions and limit climate change. Many
governments have set CO2 reduction targets, but few
have linked these targets to the broader use of technology.
There is a need for transformative solutions, as described
in The Broadband Bridge, a report by the Broadband
Commission [2]. This report includes case studies of
opportunities to maintain economic development and to
use ICT as a way of reducing the 98 percent of energy
use and climate impact stemming from non-ICT sectors.
[1] Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2013.
[2] The Broadband Bridge – Linking ICT with Climate Change, Report by the Broadband
Commission, March 2012.
ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT 3
ICT carbon footprint
Forecasts in the Ericsson Mobility Report
indicate that in 2018, 90 percent of the
world’s population will have mobile coverage,
and 60 percent will have the ability to access
high-speed LTE data networks.
The global carbon footprint of the ICT sector in 2007
[3] was estimated at 620 million tonnes CO2e, about 1.3
percent of the total global carbon footprint. Since 2007,
the ICT industry has grown and is forecast to continue
to grow. Our future prognoses for ICT [4] indicate the
portion of this sector increases slightly to 1.9 percent
of global CO2e emissions in 2020 despite the dramatic
growth of ICT. This corresponds to a slight increase in
carbon footprint (CO2e) of about 4 percent per year, or
a total of around 70 percent between 2007 and 2020.
The estimated total carbon footprint for the ICT sector
will be about 1,100 million tonnes (Figure 2) in 2020.
ICT carbon footprint outlook
Mtonnes CO2e
The ICT footprint defined here includes the impact created
by mobile and fixed telecommunication networks, enterprise
data networks, data transport networks, data centers
and all user equipment connected to networks, such as
phones, tablets, PCs and modems. The most significant
portion of the footprint may be accounted for by the
running of PCs and data centers.
The ICT sector in this definition does not include TVs, TV
peripherals and other electronics that originally were not
connected. These are included with paper media in an
industry sector called Entertainment and Media. An estimate
of the impact of Entertainment and Media is presented in
the “Connected devices scenario” described below.
[1] Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2013.
[3] Malmodin, J., Moberg, Å., Lundén, D., Finnveden, G., and Lövehagen, N. 2010.
Greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use in the ICT and Entertainment
& media sectors. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 14, 5, (October 2010), 770-790.
DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00278.x.
[4] Malmodin, J., Bergmark, P., Lundén, D. 2013, The future carbon footprint of the ICT
and E&M sectors, Conference paper and presentation at ICT for Sustainability,
(ETH Zurich, Switzerland, February 14-16, 2013).
Figure 2: ICT carbon footprint outlook (Mtonnes CO2e)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Mobile networks and mobile devices (including tablets)
PCs (all types, excluding tablets)
Data centers, data transmission & enterprise networks
Home devices (fixed phones, Customer Premises Equipment (CPE))
Fixed networks
4 ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT
Source: Ericsson
Source: Ericsson
Networked society
Broadband, mobility and the
cloud are driving the evolution
of services and experiences.
These are increasingly being
realized electronically and
consumed over the network.
This development is the
starting point for large-scale
innovation from groups
ranging from tech-savvy
youngsters, to small-scale
entrepreneurs, to established
businesses and leading
industry players from all sectors of society. Eventually,
this will drive significant
change across all parts of
society, affecting all different
kinds of activities, and marking
the development of a new era.
We call this envisioned new
era the Networked Society.
As a part of this development, connections and digital experiences are
expected to be shared not only by
today’s devices but by most things
around us. Anything that can benefit
from having a connection will have
one: machines, engines, valves,
appliances, sensors, vehicles, bikes
and meters are just a few examples.
The increased use of ICT devices, in
our study [4] is estimated to increase
from 6 billion to 12.5 billion by 2020,
and this is the main reason for ICT’s
increased carbon footprint. At the
same time, energy-efficiency
improvements have been taken into
CO2e per subscriber outlook
CO2e per data outlook
Figure
3: e/user)
CO2e per subscriber outlook
(kg CO
2
(kg CO2e/user)
Figure
4: e/GB)
CO2e per data outlook
(kg CO
2
(kg CO2e/GB)
400
120
100
300
80
200
60
40
100
20
0
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
1990
2000
Fixed data
Mobile data
Average ICT user
Fixed data
2010
2020
Mobile data
Source: Ericsson
Source: Ericsson
Source:
Ericsson
Source: Ericsson
Carbon footprint per average ICT user and per amount of data continues to decrease over time.
account when modeling the footprint
ofusers and network equipment, and
are expected to limit the increase in
the ICT sector’s impact beyond the
predicted levels.
Based on an analysis of historical
and forecasted data on devices
(for example, International Telecommunication Union or ITU statistics on
PCs in use and telephone lines [5],
and earlier LCA studies), we found
that the ICT sector’s total carbon
footprint per average user – including
the impact of shared resources such
as data centers and network equipment – has decreased from about
300kg CO2e in 1995 to about 100kg
in 2007, and is expected to decrease
further to about 80kg in 2020 (see
Figure 3).
The main reason for the decreased
footprint per average ICT user is that
the number of people using mobile
devices and mobile access technologies is increasing. These devices are
becoming more effective and have
lower per-user footprints than fixed
PCs and always-on devices such as
modems and routers. Dematerialization
effects, described on page 10, also
play a role, thanks to the greater
energy efficiency of battery-operated
mobile devices. Fixed networks, on
the other hand, have a lower impact
per gigabyte (GB), as shown in
Figure 4.
[4] Malmodin, J., Bergmark, P., Lundén, D. 2013, The future
carbon footprint of the ICT and E&M sectors, Conference
paper and presentation at ICT for Sustainability,
(ETH Zurich, Switzerland, February 14-16, 2013).
[5] ITU, Key Telecom99 document from World Telecom
development conference 2002, Istanbul, Turkey,
March 18-27, 2002.
ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT 5
Connected
devices scenario
Figure 5: Connected devices scenario
When predicting the future impact of the ICT
industry, it is important to consider that in the
years to come, not only everyone but also
everything is expected to be connected and
to communicate. For the first time, based on
Ericsson research, a connected devices
scenario is presented here, looking at the
carbon footprint of the industry.
The connected devices scenario illustrates that more
equipment than ever will be connected in a variety of
industry sectors. In the scenario, 1 billion new connection
points such as mobile-broadband gateways and site
controllers have been added to the ICT sector. In the
Entertainment and Media sector, the scenario includes
an additional 16 billion connections to existing TVs and
peripherals such as game consoles, audio devices,
cameras and car infotainment systems.
To fully capture the Networked Society, this study also
looked into the anticipated 2020 impact caused by the
connectivity of a further 12 billion electronic devices in
other sectors. These connected electronic devices are
expected in areas including: vehicles, home appliances,
HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning), meters,
production machinery, payment, medical and security
products and more. Besides looking at ICT, Entertainment
and Media, and other equipment, we have also studied
the impact of 500 billion sensors and tags, which are
expected to be used by all industry sectors (Figure 5).
In sum, even with a high uptake of connected devices
scenario, the additional CO2e from manufacture and
operations of these new communication modules will not
be significant compared to growth projections. Rather
this highlights the enabling benefits of the Networked
Society in terms of CO2 reduction potential, efficiency
gains and overall benefits to society.
6 ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT
Figure
5: Connected
devices scenario (Mtonnes CO2e)
Mtonnes
CO e
2
1200
Connected devices scenario
Base line
1000
800
600
400
200
0
ICT
Source: Ericsson
Entertainment
and media
Other
equipment
Sensors
and tags
Source: Ericsson
Development of networks, data centers and
equipment over time
This analysis has been prepared to give
a view of the developments and impacts of
networks, data centers and user equipment.
No absolute comparisons should be made
because there is less data available for 1990
and 2000 compared with 2010 and 2020, and
different parameters were used.
In 1990 there were very few mobile subscribers and
relatively few PCs. At that time, PCs were typically officebased, either stand-alone or connected to local networks.
Fixed networks were mainly old national telecom networks
with inefficient operations and maintenance. Fixed phones
were analog and consumed no energy on their own. Data
centers or data halls already existed, but the information
available
today on their energy consumption is limited.
Figure
6: 1990
(Figure
Mtonne6:CO
e) (Mtonnes CO2e)
1990
2
By 2010 the ICT sector had grown dramatically, and mobile
networks and mobile phones were present everywhere.
The majority of data traffic, both from companies and
households, was connected through fixed networks. About
half of all PCs were now used in households. IP telephony
had
started
Figure
8: 2010to take over from traditional fixed phones.
(Figure
Mtonne8:CO
e) (Mtonnes CO2e)
2010
2
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Networks
Data centers
User equipment
For 2020, the connected devices scenario has been
included in the calculations. One of the remaining
uncertainties is the number of PCs due to be in existence;
it is possible that handheld tablets and phones will be so
user-friendly that the PC no longer plays the same role in
the home. If this trend develops more quickly than projected 9:today,
Figure
2020 the ICT impact will be lower than estimated.
600
500
400
300
200
100
(Figure
Mtonne9:CO
e) (Mtonnes CO2e)
2020
2
0
600
Networks
Data centers
User equipment
The term ICT was used in the academic world from 1986,
but did not become widespread until 2000. Telecom and
IT became more integrated in 2000, and the introduction
of fixed broadband began. Most PCs were still used in
offices. The old national telecom operators faced new
competition and were therefore forced to become more
efficient. The mobile networks were a small part of the
ecosystem, as were Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)
and mobile
Figure
7: 2000phones.
(Figure
Mtonne7:CO
e) (Mtonnes CO2e)
2000
2
600
500
500
400
300
200
100
0
Networks
Data centers
User equipment
The explanations to the graphs:
Phone tablets
Mobile network
CPE
Transport network
PCs
LAN
Data centers
Fixed network
All graphs: Source Ericsson
400
300
200
100
0
Networks
Data centers
User equipment
ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT 7
Energy consumption
for operation
The total electricity1 consumption of the ICT
sector is forecasted to increase by almost
60 percent from 2007 to 2020 owing to the
increasing number of devices and network
expansion.
Research outlined on the previous pages relates to the
carbon footprint – in other words, the whole life-cycle
impact of the equipment. Research on electricity
consumption of the ICT sector described here represents
the electricity used in operating equipment. This is important because carbon emissions in the use phase of the
equipment, but it also has a direct impact on the OPEX
for the operators.
The electricity consumption of fixed networks – including
local area networks (LANs) and data transport networks –
is not expected to increase. One important reason for this
is the modernization of old traditional telecom networks,
which outweighs the increased use of data communication.
The electricity consumption of mobile networks, including
future wireless access points, is expected to not more
than triple by 2020, but still represents a limited percentage
of the impact of the whole sector thanks to smarter network
planning and improvements in the energy efficiency of
hardware. New generations of RBSs have shown to be up
to 85 percent more energy-efficient in some cases.
The electricity consumption of data centers grew by
100 percent between 2000 and 2005, and by a further
50 percent between 2005 and 2010. An increased focus
on energy efficiency, cloud services, virtualization and
other advances will slow down future growth. Larger data
centers and cloud computing have the potential to reduce
companies’ electricity needs, but only if they close down
their own data centers and use outsourced solutions
instead.
The electricity consumption of CPE and fixed phones is
expected to increase as the number of connection points
1For most normal operation of ICT, the energy used is electricity from a grid.
This study focuses on the electricity used for operation.
8 ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT
Figure 10: Electricity consumption
(TWh)
Figure 10: Electricity consumption (TWh)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
2020
Connected devices scenario
Mobile devices
PCs (including laptops)
CPE (including cordless phones)
Data centers
Mobile networks
Fixed networks
Source: Ericsson
rises. It is hard to implement efficient “sleep” modes for
such equipment. Electricity-consumption patterns for
PCs have changed as desktops, CRTs and poor power
management systems are increasingly replaced by
laptops, LCDs and better power management. Despite
growth in the numbers of PCs, electricity consumption is
not expected to increase significantly.
Mobile devices are the most numerous (there are more
than 8 billion of them in this scenario), but thanks to
low power and improved battery technology, electricity
consumption is still expected to be low, even if the
number of devices almost triples.
Smart network
planning
Figure X: Power consumption per area
Energy costs are among the most significant
that network operators have to absorb.
The smart energy features in heterogeneous
networks illustrate the way Ericsson develops
solutions to accommodate dramatic user and
data growth without any proportional growth
in energy demand.
To meet the traffic demands, mobile-broadband operators
need to densify base-station deployments – especially in
urban environments. In these areas, the wireless networks
consist of a mixture of traditional large macro cells and
small micro or pico cells, a mixture referred to as heterogeneous networks.
(kW/km2)
Figure
11: Power consumption per area (kW/km2)
10
9
8
8.7
7
6
6.3
5
-27%
4
Adding base stations traditionally brings an increase in
power consumption. But with additional functionality in
the network – specifically addressing energy efficiency
– it is possible to reduce the required power consumption
dramatically.
3
Ericsson Research has created simulations showing
the impact of two energy-efficiency features: an improved
power amplifier (using micro DTX, discontinuous transmission) for LTE systems and a fast-sleep mode for small
cells. Both features save power while maintaining the
capacity gains afforded by heterogeneous networks,
with an almost negligible impact on performance.
0
4.1
-52%
2
1
HetNet
HetNet
+µDTX
HetNet
+µDTX
+ sleep mode
Source: Ericsson
Figure
12: Ericsson
The heterogeneous network in this research is assumed
Source:
to consist of three small cells, for capacity boost, in each macro cell.
Source: Ericsson
ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT 9
ICT addressing
the climate challenge
Dematerialization and increased efficiency
are the two main opportunities for ICT to help
society develop.
There are several examples of how ICT has changed
consumption habits and reduced the flow of products
and materials in society. (Just think how many one-time
cameras have been replaced with mobile cameras and
photo sharing services.) Ericsson has studied several
services, presented in Figure 13, calculating the potential
of ICT solutions to reduce CO2e emissions compared
with traditional solutions [6]. The reduction ratio represents the direct and embodied CO2e emissions from
the ICT solution, set in relation to the potential savings
in direct and embodied emissions that the ICT solution
enables [7].
By replacing physical products with services, and by
helping people to use resources more efficiently,
ICT-based solutions can improve basic services while
reducing CO2e emissions. Another study [8] on efficiency
gains in transport systems is described below.
Figure 13: ICT enabling a low carbon economy, Ericsson case studies
ICT service
CO2 Reduction ratio
Country
m-Health
> 20
Sweden
e-Health
> 45
Croatia
Digital delivery
< 200
Spain
Virtual presence
< 200
Sweden, Global
m-Money
> 65
Kenya
Field Force
Management
< 100
Turkey
Figure 14: Potential savings from ICT, Curitiba
e
Tonne
COPotential
Figure 14:
savings from ICT, Curitiba (tonnes CO2e)
2
1000
500
Bus operation
0
Car travel
ICT solution
-500
-1000
By 2050, an estimated 70 percent of the world’s population
will reside in urban areas. Our planet’s cities are faced
with the challenge of becoming more sustainable while
also continuing to drive prosperity. Here, connectivity can
play a major role.
The city of Curitiba in Brazil was the first in the world to
connect public buses to a mobile-broadband network.
A connected public-transport system makes for more
efficient fuel usage and a corresponding reduction in
CO2e emissions. Earlier studies on the bus system have
shown that people will be attracted to public as opposed
to private travel when provided with a more reliable bus
service.
The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system adopted in Curitiba,
which is used for 70 percent of all types of public and
private commuting, produces approximately 200,000
tonnes of direct CO2e emissions per year compared
with 1,500,000 tonnes related to annual car travel in
10 ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT
-1500
-2000
“What if car travel
can be reduced
by 0.1%?”
-2500
“What if buses
can operate 1%
more efficient?”
-3000
Embodied ICT
Direct (Operation)
Fuel supply
All graphs: Source Ericsson
the city. The ICT portion of the BRT system adds about
500 tonnes of CO2e per year. The potential savings can be
seen on Figure 14.
[6] Research case studies, http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/sustainability_
corporateresponsibility/enabling_a_low_carbon_economy/research_and_standardization.
[7]Quantifying emissions right, http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/
wp-quantifying-emissions.pdf
[8] Connected buses in Curitiba, Ericsson 2012, http://www.ericsson.com/res/
thecompany/docs/corporate-responsibility/2011/curibita_final.pdf
Reference information
Methodology
The research presented was conducted at Ericsson
Research, in collaboration with internal company experts,
customers and partners. Latest estimates on market developments will always be found in the Ericsson Mobility
Report [1]. Some numbers presented in this report do
not match this latest report but was used in scenarios for
calculations of environmental impact at the time when
the research was conducted. This shall not be seen as
change of position of Ericsson. Some of the results
presented on devices and equipment come from research
that has been published and reviewed outside the
company, but that has also been reviewed by Ericsson
experts for relevance and comparability.
System boundaries, projections and results are presented
in peer-reviewed research papers and scientific conferences.
As an industry leader in technology and research, Ericsson
has shared results and provided input over the years to
SMART 2020 [9], SMARTer 2020 [10], the Broadband
Commission [2], and the European Union (EU) EARTH
(Energy Aware Radio and neTwork tecHnologies) project
[11] to name a few.
A detailed discussion of the boundaries of the assessed
ICT sector is given in the study [3][4], including further
details of the ICT network and related services. These
studies also include a definition of the assessment
boundaries of the entertainment and media sector. The
boundary between the two sectors is not unambiguous,
and it is also changing over time. Further discussion on
the selected boundaries is therefore included [4].
For the use stage of user equipment, measurements
have been prioritized over estimates. For example, the
unique measurements relating to electronic devices used
in 400 Swedish households over a whole year [12] were
used as principal data. For the use stage of networks,
measurements taken by operators and service providers
have been used as reported to the Carbon Disclosure
Project (CDP) and in corporate reporting as well as other
publically available technical data (for example, the
number of lines and subscriptions). The global average
electricity model described in [4] has been used.
An important part of the methodology was to forecast
the type and number of all devices related to the ICT
sector that are expected to be in use between now and
2020. Large industry analyst firms’ market research and
future market projections have been used as data sources.
These firms include International Data Corporation (IDC)
(for its work on PCs and servers) [13] and Display Search
(for work on TVs and monitors) [14]. Subscription information was based on prognoses made by ITU [15]. For the
mobile subsector’s carbon footprint 2007-2020, a detailed
previous study by the EU’s EARTH research project [11]
was used as a data source. Other more specific studies
such as Koomey’s study of servers and data centers’ energy
consumption globally [16] were also used as input. As these
sources do not make prognoses as far ahead as 2020,
extrapolations were made for the purposes of the study.
references
[9] GeSI, “SMART 2020 Enabling the low-carbon economy in the information age”,
http://gesi.org/portfolio/report/69, June 2008.
[1] The Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2013.
[2] The Broadband Bridge – Linking ICT with Climate Change, Report by the Broadband
Commission, March 2012.
[3] Malmodin, J., Moberg, Å., Lundén, D., Finnveden, G., and Lövehagen, N. 2010.
Greenhouse gas emissions and operational electricity use in the ICT and Entertainment
& media sectors. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 14, 5, (October 2010), 770-790.
DOI=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00278.x.
[10] GeSI, SMARTer2020: The Role of ICT in Driving a Sustainable Future,
http://gesi.org/portfolio/report/72, December 2012.
[11] INFSO-ICT-247733 EARTH (EU project). 2011. Deliverable D2.1, Economic and
Ecological Impact of ICT. https://bscw.ict-earth.eu/pub/bscw.cgi/d38532/EARTH_
WP2_D2.1_v2.pdf
[12] Zimmermann, J.P. 2009. End-use metering campaign in 400 households in Sweden.
Assessment of the potential of electricity savings. Enertech. Eskilstuna: Swedish
Energy Agency.
[4] Malmodin, J., Bergmark, P., Lundén, D. 2013, The future carbon footprint of the ICT
and E&M sectors, Conference paper and presentation at ICT for Sustainability,
(ETH Zurich, Switzerland, February 14-16, 2013).
[13] IDC PC sales and forecast, 2010-2015. Charles Arthur for guardian.co.uk on Monday
6th June 2011 16.48 UTC.http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2011/jun/06/
idc-pc-sales-growth-warns, accessed on December 6, 2011.
[5] ITU, Key Telecom99 document from World Telecom development conference 2002,
Istanbul, Turkey, March 18-27, 2002.
[14] Display Search, Worldwide TV Forecast by Technology. Quarterly Global TV Shipment
and Forecast Report, November 2010. http://www.displaysearch.com/cps/rde/xchg/
displaysearch/hs.xsl/quarterly_global_tv_shipment_and_forecast_report.asp
[6] Research case studies, http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/sustainability_
corporateresponsibility/enabling_a_low_carbon_economy/research_and_standardization.
[7] Quantifying emissions right, http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/
wp-quantifying-emissions.pdf
[8] Connected buses in Curitiba, Ericsson 2012, http://www.ericsson.com/res/
thecompany/docs/corporate-responsibility/2011/curibita_final.pdf
[15] International Telecommunication Union (ITU), World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators
Database 2010, 15th Edition, 2011. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/world/world.html.
[16] Koomey, J. G. 2011. Growth in data center electricity use 2005 to 2010.
A report by Analytics Press, completed at the request of The New York Times,
http://www.analyticspress.com/datacenters.html, accessed in May 2012
ERICSSON ENERGY AND CARBON REPORT 11
Ericsson is a world-leading provider of communications technology
and services. We are enabling the Networked Society with efficient
real-time solutions that allow us all to study, work and live our lives
more freely, in sustainable societies around the world.
Our offering comprises services, software and infrastructure within
Information and Communications Technology for telecom operators
and other industries. Today 40 percent of the world's mobile traffic
goes through Ericsson networks and we support customers'
networks servicing more than 2.5 billion subscriptions.
We are more than 110,000 people working with customers in more
than 180 countries. Founded in 1876, Ericsson is headquartered in
Stockholm, Sweden. In 2012 the company's net sales were SEK
227.8 billion (USD 33.8 billion). Ericsson is listed on NASDAQ OMX,
Stockholm and NASDAQ, New York stock exchanges.
www.ericsson.com
www.ericsson.com/sustainability
For more information please contact:
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© Ericsson AB 2013 – All Rights Reserved.
This document was originally produced in English
and first published on June 17, 2013.
Ericsson AB
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© Ericsson AB 2013