FULL TEXT - Antropomotoryka

NR 34
AN TRO PO MO TO RY KA
2006
SKILL TYPES AND TRAINING LOADS
IN MEN’S 400 M HURDLE RUN
TYP SPRAWNOŚCIOWY A OBCIĄŻENIA TRENINGOWE
W BIEGU NA 400 M PRZEZ PŁOTKI MĘŻCZYZN
Janusz Iskra*, Anna Walaszczyk**, Marzena Paruzel-Dyja***
*** dr hab,. Wydział Wychowania Fizycznego i Fizjoterapii, Politechnika Opolska, Prószkowska 78
*** dr, Katedra Metodyki Wychowania Fizycznego AWF, Katowice, Mikołowska 72a
*** mgr, Katedra Sportów Indywidualnych AWF, Katowice, Kościuszki 84,
Key words: 400-m hurdle run, training loads, training individualisation, training optimisation
Słowa kluczowe: bieg na 400 m przez płotki, obciążenia treningowe, indywidualizacja
treningu, optymalizacja treningu
STRESZCZENIE • SUMMARY
Wyniki w biegu na 400 m przez płotki zależą od parametrów budowy ciała, zdolności kondycyjnych, przygotowania technicznego oraz sposobu treningu w długim okresie.
Celem pracy było znalezienie różnic między obciążeniami treningowymi stosowanymi w różnych grupach
biegaczy na 400 m przez płotki.
Materiał i metoda. W badaniach uczestniczyło 66 polskich płotkarzy (wiek: 21,8 ± 2,3 roku). Biegacze reprezentowali wysoki poziom sportowy (rekord życiowy: 51,93 ± 1,86). Na podstawie zdolności motorycznych
i umiejętności technicznych płotkarzy podzielono na trzy grupy.
Wzorując się na wcześniejszych pracach, analiza treści treningowej objęła pięć grup środków treningowych:
szybkość biegową, wytrzymałość specjalną, „rytm” płotkarski, siłę mięśni nóg oraz wytrzymałość siłową.
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Results in 400-m hurdle run depend on somatic parameters, motor abilities, technique preparation and
long-term way of training.
The aim of this study was to find differences between training loads in various groups of Polish 400-m
hurdlers.
Material and methods. Sixty-six Polish hurdlers participated in this study (age: 21,8 ± 2,3 years). They represented high sport level (personal best time: 51,93 ± 1,86 s). Hurdlers were divided into three groups according
to motor abilities and technical skills: rhythm / technical, “endurance” and “speed-strength” hurdlers.
According to previous investigations the analysis of training programs contains five groups of training
means: running speed, special endurance, hurdle “rhythm”, leg strength and strength endurance.
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance of training changes between three groups of hurdles.
Results. There were no statistically significant differences between the sport level of three groups of hurdlers.
The ANOVA analysis revealed differences of all variables (training means) except special endurance.
There are no statistical differences between all the training loads in the second (“endurance”) and the third
(“speed-strength”) group.
In the group of “rhythm” hurdlers we can see specific hurdle raining and strength-endurance preparation
Conclusion. Results of empirical investigation may be used in optimisation and individualisation of the
training programs.
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Janusz Iskra, Anna Wałaszczyk, Marzenia Paruzel-Dyja
W ocenie różnic treningu w trzech grupach płotkarzy wykorzystano analizę wariancji (ANOVA).
Rezultaty. Nie zaobserwowano istotnych statystycznie różnic poziomu sportowego trzech wyodrębnionych
grup płotkarzy. Analiza wariancji wykazała zróżnicowanie stosowania przez nich grup środków treningowych,
z wyłączeniem wytrzymałości specjalnej.
Brak różnic w sposobie trenowania wystąpił w grupach: 2 („wytrzymałościowa”) i 3 („siłowo-szybkościowa”).
W grupie „technicznej” przeważał specjalny trening płotkarski oraz przygotowanie siłowo-wytrzymałościowe.
Wnioski. Rezultaty badań empirycznych pozwalają wykorzystać wiedzę naukową w optymalizacji i indywidualizacji programów treningowych płotkarzy.
Introduction
The 400 m hurdles run (400-m H) is a special event
requiring expertise and experience [1]. According
to previous studies 400-m H is one of the most complicated athletic events. Top 400-m hurdler needs
absolute speed, good anaerobic endurance and
ability to learn and master the hurdle skills, first of
all rhythm [2]. The result in 400-m H race depends
on both, the level of motor abilities and technique
[3, 4, 5, 6].
The necessity of developing running speed endurance and specific strength as well as technical
skills justifies the application of chosen exercises in
training of “intermediate” hurdlers. In the last years
most of the studies were concentrated rather on
“programming” of the stride pattern or distribution
of effort than motor development [4, 5].
This success in coaching the 400-m H race depends on predispositions (talent) and types of training sessions [6, 7, 8]. In previous studies we observed a large number of training means (exercises)
and various types of periodisation [9, 10, 3, 11].
Analysis of training programs of elite Polish hurdlers
indicates that the improvement in results is not always related to the increase in volume and intensity
of training loads [12].
The aim of this study was to find differences
between training loads in various groups of 400-m
hurdlers. The following research questions were
created:
– which training means are most important for
“rhythmic”, “endurance” and “speed-strength”
types of hurdlers?
– which groups of exercises can be used in all groups of hurdles?
Sixty-six Polish 400-m hurdlers (aged: 21,8 ± 2,3
years) participated in the study. They competed in
period between 1992 and 2003 and represented
high sport level (personal best 400-mH: 51,93 ±
1,86 s).
In this study we observed all training sessions
between October and September next year (12
months).
Analysis of training programs contains 5 groups
of training media (Table 1).
A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
used to determine the significance of changes between three groups of hurdlers. In the case of a significant F-ratio, a Tukey’s test was employed to
compare means. The level of significance was set
at p ≤ 0,05.
The data are expressed as means (x–), standard
deviation (SD), minimum and maximum values
(min-max).
Results
Results are presented in table 2 and 3.
There were no statistically significant differences
between sport level of three groups of hurdlers (F
= 2,41; NS).
The ANOVA’s revealed statistically significant
differences of all training means except special endurance (F = 0,98; NS).
Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference test was
calculated on the means of four training loads:
running speed, hurdle rhythm, legs strength and
* TLI – technical level indicator = time 400 m H – time 400 m
(flat) – according to [7]
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Material and methods
In this group there were Paweł Januszewski
(2000 Olympic finalist and 1998 European champion) and Marek Plawgo (2004 Olympic finalist and
2000 world junior champion). Hurdlers were divided into three groups:
1. “Rhythm” (“technical”) – hurdlers, which technical level indicator (TLI*) was lower then 3 s (n
= 27).
2. “Endurance” – the rest of hurdlers whose personal record in 400 m was better than 48,50 s (n =
22).
3. “Speed-strength” – second part of the rest of the
hurdlers (former sprinters or 110 m hurdlers; n
= 17).
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Skill types and training in men’s 400 m hurdle run
Table 1. Main groups of training means for 400 m hurdles runners
Tabela 1. Podstawowe grupy środków treningowych biegaczy na 400 m przez płotki
Type of training
Characteristics
Examples
Running speed
20-80 m runs (maximal intensity)
Crouch and high starts,
Flying runs
Special endurance
150-500 m runs (submaximal and maximal
intensity)
Speed endurance
(3-6 x 150-200-m)
Long time speed endurance
(1-4 x 300-500-m)
Interval endurance
(3 x 3 x 150-m)
Hurdle rhythm
Runs over 1-12 hurdles under standard conditions
4 x 10 hurdles,
3 x 2 x 5 hurdles
1-2-3-4-5 hurdles
Legs strength
Lower limbs strength exercises with barbell
Squats
Halfsquats
Bench steps
Heel raises
Squat and halfsquat jumps
Strength-endurance
Running exercises under difficult conditions
Long jumping (over 60 metres),
Skippings over 60 metres
Hill runs
Resistance runs
strength-endurance on training loads in groups 1-2
(“rhythm” – endurance”) and groups 1-3 (“rhythm”
– “speed-strength”).
The analysis of variance among group 2 (“endurance”) and 3 (“speed-strength”) showed no statistical significance between all the training loads
(table 3).
In the group of “rhythm” hurdlers we observed
specific hurdle rhythm training (367,2 ± 195,5 hurdles in training year) and strength-endurance preparation (23,7 ± 12,4 km). In the group of “speed-strength” the volume of running speed (5,3 ± 1,7
during the year) was significantly higher, compared
with “rhythm” hurdlers.
– ± SD/min-max)
Table 2. Statistics of results in 400 m run and training means in three groups of hurdlers (x
– ± SD/min-max)
Tabela 2. Wyniki w biegu na 400 m przez płotki oraz objętość środków treningowych w trzech grupach płotkarzy (x
Groups of hurdlers
“Endurance”
“Speed-endurance”
All groups
Result in 400 m
H (s)
51,68 ± 2,32 /
48,17 – 55,43
52,40 ± 1,40 /
49,96 – 55,11
52,05 ± 1,78 /
49,43 – 55,00
51,93 ± 1,86 /
48,17 – 55,43
Running speed (km)
3,63 ± 1,46 /
1,24 – 7,65
4,70 ± 1,42 /
1,20 – 7,10
5,31 ± 1,70 /
2,98 – 9,65
4,60 ± 1,62 /
1,20 – 9,65
Special endurance
(km)
23,20 ± 10,26 /
10,50 – 46,60
21,20 ± 10,61 /
6,30 – 43,20
21,54 ± 7,71 /
10,00 – 40,20
22,53 ± 9,90
6,30 – 46,60
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Hurdle rhythm (the
number of hurdles)
367,2 ± 195,5 /
115 – 771
271,7 ± 113,4 /
112 – 467
245,2 ± 137,1 /
95 – 560
30,97 ± 164,5 /
95 – 771
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Legs strength
(t)
237,0 ± 120,1 /
87,1 – 432,8
153,6 ± 100,2 /
60,1 – 238,9
199,5 ± 80,7 /
94,5 – 350,0
202,8 ± 133,6 /
60,1 – 432,9
Strength-endurance
(km)
23,68 ± 12,35 /
8,25 – 46,15
14,95 ± 5,71 /
5,15 – 27,80
17,2 ± 7,13 /
3,85 – 30,30
19,16 ± 9,91 /
3,85 – 46,15
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“Rhythm”
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Training media
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Janusz Iskra, Anna Wałaszczyk, Marzenia Paruzel-Dyja
Table 3. The ANOVA analysis of five types of training means in 400 m hurdles run
Tabela 3. Analiza wariancji (ANOVA) pięciu grup środków treningowych w biegu na 400 m przez płotki
Tukey’s test
Training media
F
P
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A-C
4,81
0,01
n.i.
n.i.
0,05
Special endurance
0,98
n.i.
n.i.
n.i.
n.i.
Hurdle rhythm
6,89
0,001
0,01
n.i.
0,01
Lower limbs strength
4,81
0,01
0,01
n.i.
n.i.
Strength-endurance
9,56
0,001
0,001
n.i.
0,05
Result in 400-m H
2,41
n.i.
n.i.
n.i.
n.i.
Hurdle races belong to the group of track-and-field
events which are characterised by the complexity of motor (skill) and coordination (technique)
structure [10, 3, 2]. The quality of performance in
the 400 m hurdles depends on body build, speed,
anaerobic endurance, power preparation and the
technique (rhythm) level [13, 6, 7, 1, 8].
In the theory and practice of hurdle races there are some types of hurdlers, dependig on somatic
parameters [13], level of motor preparation [1] or
various types of training sessions [7]. According to
body height and 100 m time, they singled out three
types of hurdlers “swing”, “running” and “take-off ”.
In previous study [7] we divided types of 400-m
hurdlers into 7 groups: “tempo-runner”, “technical”, “speed”, “endurance”, “rhythm”, “all-rounder” and “optimal”. This classification depended
on personal best results in athletics events (100-m,
110-m H, 400-m, 800-m).
Iskra and Ryguła [12] suggested that a mathematical modelling method allowing an individual
evolution of trainings loads in one year of training
cycle. Authors found mistakes in planning of the
training sessions for an individual athlete. In analysis of training loads in-the group of Polish hurdlers
we distinguished 5 groups of trainings’ media: speed, endurance, strength-endurance, strength and
technique. The most essential exercises in hurdlers
preparation were: running endurance (special, glycolytic), strength exercises of lower limbs (especially halfsquats) and standard volume of hurdle runs
on the distance over 200 m [7].
This study reported that various types of 400 m
hurdlers ought to realize different training sessions.
Furthermore, it was found that a volume of special endurance exercise was the same for all groups
of athletes (tables 1 and 2). It’s an important information for coaches confirming anaerobic character
of the event [14, 15].
According to the principle of individualisation
and results of previous studies [7] it was a wrong
coaches’ decision. “Endurance” type of hurdlers
ought to concentrate on endurance type of training
and for “rhythm” type of hurdlers the characteristic
means were runs over hurdles. In the other hand
training of special endurance might be associated
with all groups of 400 m hurdlers [4, 5, 11, 7].
Above dependences confirm data in table 3.
“Rhythmic” hurdlers prefer “rhythmic” training session and (additionally) strength-endurance exercises. Maybe it’s true that the changes in technical
training were forced by need for the improvement
of the hurdler’s clearance technique.
Conclusion
The results of this study indicate that type of training
means and type of training sessions in 400-m H depend on the level of motor and technical preparation. This study found that the biggest differences
between the three types of hurdlers were in rhythm
(F = 6,89, p ≤ 0,001) and strength-endurance (F =
9,56, p ≤ 0,01).
Coaches can use this information in optimisation of training programs. This information may be
useful in individualisation of 400-m H training. We
concluded that it’s necessary to change training
programs of various types of hurdlers in 400 m.
The optimal training means for “speed-strength”
types of hurdlers seem to be speed exercises.
The results of this study should be helpful for coaches and athletes who are looking for the improvement of 400-m hurdle run performance.
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B-C
Running speed
Discussion
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A-B
Skill types and training in men’s 400 m hurdle run
PIŚMIENNICTWO • LITERATURE
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[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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