Prądnik. Prace Muz. Szafera

Transkrypt

PR¥DNIK
PRACE I MATERIA£Y MUZEUM IM. PROF. W£ADYS£AWA SZAFERA
Pr¹dnik. Prace Muz. Szafera
4
926
1991
JERZY DZIEWOLSKI
Zak³ad Ochrony Przyrody i Zasobów Naturalnych PAN
ul. Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków
KIERUNKI PRZEMIAN DRZEWOSTANÓW W PARKACH
NARODOWYCH POLSKICH KARPAT W WARUNKACH OCHRONY
CIS£EJ I CZÊCIOWEJ
Directions of changes of forest stands in national parks of Polish Carpathians
under strict and partial protection
ABSTRACT. This paper contains the results of studies on forest stand characteristics, which change as
a result of natural regeneration and economic rebuilding of forests. These forests had earlier been deformed
by overuse and improper management.
KEY WORDS: strict reserves, partial reserves, deformed forest stands, forest changes, native forest
regeneration.
SUMMARY
Protected areas have been established on those terrains, which had been intensively utilized
and improperly managed leading to extensive deformation of the stand structure. In mountain
areas, spruce has expanded excessively, creating single species and evenaged stands, restricting
the occurrence of fir, beech and other additional species and highly lowering the timber stock.
As a result of protection applied in national parks, some effects of forest regeneration are
visible. Coniferous trees are receding so that deciduous species can expand (see fig. 1 and
3A). As to this, a regularity is visible on all forest areas investigated. On four out of six areas
where changes in species composition were evaluated, spruce recession is compensated by
fir and beech increasing, their participation. This is the direction taken by changes on areas
evaluated earlier, but lately fir has shown some recession (see fig. 2). On the average, the
share of spruce has decreased, while there is more fir and beech (see fig. 3 B).
Structural changes of stands take place by three processes: self-sown and undergrowth
appearance, loss of trees during natural forest development, and wood up-growth. The
complexity of the process is shown schematically in fig 4. The real values are taken from
Pieniny National Park, from an area under strict protection on Trzy Korony massif, and from
an area under partial protection in the western part of the national park (see tab. 1 to 4).
As an effect of different increment, up-growth and loss displayed by various species,
species composition of forests (see fig. 8), tree diameter structure (fig. 5, 6) and stand volume
(fig. 9) change. Assuming that the speed of changes will remain as it is, the shares of deciduous
and coniferous species will become equal in between 10 and 20 years, and their volume
later on (see fig. 7).
These results confirm the assumption that national parks forests, strictly or partially
protected, will gradually return to their native form. What is not so reassuring, however, is the
weakening and recession of fir which has been taking place during the last decades. The
stand volume loss is lately nearly equal to stand increment, which slows down the tree stock
regeneration.
PR¥DNIK
4
2737
1991
EWA SYMONIDES, BARBARA SOLIÑSKA - GÓRNICKA
Uniwersytet Warszawski
Zak³ad Fitosocjologii i Ekologii Rolin,
Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478 Warszawa
STRUKTURA POPULACYJNA DRZEWOSTANU W REZERWACIE
LAS BIELAÑSKI JAKO WSKANIK PRZEKSZTA£CEÑ BIOCENOZY
Population structure of forest stand of the Reserve Las Bielañski as an indicator of biocenoses transformation
ABSTRACT. This paper is concerned with the distribution, density and size structure of tree populations
of the Reserve Las Bielañski in Warsaw. Preliminary results suggest transformation of the forest stand, i.e.
regression of Alnus glutinosa, Ulmus leavis and U. campestris populations and increase of population density
and area size of Carpinus betulus and Acer negundo.
KEY WORDS: forest trees, size structure, spatial structure, population density, population recruitment.
SUMMARY
The paper reports on the distribution, density and size-age structure of the main tree
populations of natural inland forest in Warsaw. The study area (94) was divided with the net
of permanent geodetic points, located 100 m apart. The trees above 130 cm height were
counted and trunk diameter were measured on 100 m2 plots around each point; trees 51-130
cm height were only counted. Seedlings and individuals below 51 cm height were counted
and measured on the eight 1 m2 plots around each point.
The studies have shown: (a) regression of Ficario-Ulmetum flood-plain species: Alnus
glutinosa, Ulmus leavis and Ulmus campestris (fig. 1 and 2), (b) great proportion of seedlings
and juvenile individuals among Tilio-Carpinetum oak-hornbeam populations (fig. 3), (c)
increase of population area of some oak-hornbeam species: Carpinus betulus and Acer
platanoides and Quercus robur (fig. 4,5 and 6, respectively), (d) invasion and local expansion
of alien tree species Acer negundo (fig. 7).
Results obtained suggest some significant transformation of the biocenoses structure
(recession of flood-plain forest), influenced by a decrease in the ground water level (due to
the neighbourhood of transport routes and housing estates), recreative exploitation of forests
and close vicinity of parkways with alien tree species (Chojnacki & Mróz 1984, SoliñskaGórnicka & Symonides 1990).
PR¥DNIK
4
3947
1991
RÓ¯A KAMIERCZAKOWA
PRZEMIANY ZESPO£U WIETLISTEJ D¥BROWY W REZERWACIE
KIATÓWKA NA WY¯YNIE MA£OPOLSKIEJ W CI¥GU 25 LAT
OCHRONY
The changes of the xerothermic oakwood Potentillo albae-Quercetum community in the Kwiatówka nature reserve on the Ma³opolska Upland during 25
years of protection
ABSTRACT. During the last 25 years the multispecies layer of shrubs and younger trees of the patch of
Potentillo albae-Quercetum has developed luxuriously causing the considerable impoverishment of a herb
layer. The share of photophilous and termophilous species as well as those characteristic of coniferous forest
and meadows has decreased while that of species typical of the order Fagetalia sylvaticae, and particularly
of the alliance Carpinion, increased. Changes that started after taking this forest under protection lead to the
transformation of Potentillo albae-Quercetum into Tilio-Carpinetum medioeuorpaneum with but small share
of photo- and thermophilous species.
KEY WORDS: Potentillo albae-Quercetum, community instability, vegetation dynamics, protection in
nature reserves.
SUMMARY
The xerothermic oakwood Potentillo albae-Quercetum is an extrazonal forest community
in Poland. Many nature reserves have been created for its protection, among others the
Kwiatówka nature reserve on the Ma³opolska Upland. This reserve covering an area of 11.25
ha was established in 1966 as a partial reserve. Since then no measures have been carried out
in the forest, except felling a small number of trees.
At the moment the reserve was created it was a light forest (crown density 65%) and its
stands were composed of oaks Quercus robur and Q. sessilis with the admixture of pine
Pinus sylvestris. The undergrowth, though multispecies, was poorly developed (cover below
5%). The herb-layer was luxurious and rich in species (cover 95%) and it formed the typical
of this community patchwork of xerophilous, photophilous, grassland, meadow, pinewood,
and mesic deciduous forest. In 1965-1967 studies on the production of a herb-layer were
carried out in this reserve, within the framework of the International Biological Program
(Kamierczakowa 1971).
After the forest was taken under protection and forest labours (consisting mainly in
removing undergrowth) were stopped, its composition and structure began to change. Corylus
avellana, Carpinus betulus and other species of trees and shrubs appeared in great numbers.
A considerable growth of the shadow of the forest floor caused a decrease in the biomass of
the herb-layer and changes in its species composition. The number of species in the particular
physiological units (fig. 1) as well as their group abundance (fig. 2) in a phytosociological
record and the biomass of the herb-layer (fig. 3) have changed greatly. In the beginning the
species characteristic of the order Quercetalia pubescentis, class Festuco-Brometea, MolinioArrhenatheretea, and Vaccinio-Piceetea were limited in number and next almost completely
eliminated; on the other hand the share of species belonging to the class Querco-Fagetea and
order Fagetalia silvaticaea increased.
An inventory of trees and shrubs made in the same 10 areas study area after a lapse of 25
years has revealed the luxurious development of the undergrowth (fig. 4). Its lower layer is
formed by Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus. From among shrubs Corylus avellana and
Crategus sp. have developed abundantly.
Changes that started after the creation of the nature reserve lead to the transformation of
the xerothermic oakwood Potentillo albae-Quercetum into a deciduous lime-hornbeam forest
Tilio-Carpinetum medioeuropaneum. Thus, this xerothermic oakwood has appeared to be an
anthropogenic community which needs active protection.
PR¥DNIK
4
4956
1991
JAN LOCH
Gorczañski Park Narodowy, Rzeki
34-607 Szczawa
REGENERACJA DRZEWOSTANU GÓRNOREGLOWEGO BORU
WIERKOWEGO ZNISZCZONEGO PRZEZ ZASNUJÊ
WYSOKOGÓRSK¥ CEPHALCIA FALLENI (DALM.) NA
PRZYK£ADZIE MOSTOWNICY W GORCZAÑSKIM PARKU
NARODOWYM
Regeneration of upper mountain spruce forest stands destroyed by Cephalcia
falleni (Dalm.), such as those on Mostownica mountain of Gorce National
Park
ABSTRACT. The author compared three different ways of the regeneration of stands in the spruce forest
of the upper mountain forest zone in the Gorce National Park, destroyed by Cephalcia falleni (Dalm.).
KEY WORDS: clean eatings, natural regenerations, artificial regenerations, succession, growth dynamics,
composition of species.
SUMMARY
In 1989 permanent study plots were established on an area of forest destroyed by Cephalcia
falleni (Dalm.). Studies, whose aim is to observe changes in undergrowth vegetation and
dependence of undergrowth and seedlings on each other have been conducted there. Moreover,
various forms of planned regenerations management, as well as species composition,
distribution and dynamics of growth of natural and planted regenerating trees have been
compared.
Those study plots are located in the 35th division of Gorce National Park, on the northwestern slop of Mostownica mountain, between 1180 and 1230 m a. s. l.
Various ways of forest regeneration have been compared on those plot. In the course of
this comparison upper mountain spruce forest has been shown to possess a strong ability to
regenerate, while restitution conducted by man has proved imperfect.
PR¥DNIK
4
5764
1991
STEFAN MICHALIK
MONITORING BIOLOGICZNY NA STA£EJ POWIERZCHNI LENEJ
CHE£MOWA GÓRA W OJCOWSKIM PARKU NARODOWYM,
JAKO PODSTAWA DO OCENY ZACHODZ¥CYCH ZMIAN
Biological monitoring of a permanent forest study plot Che³mowa Góra in
Ojców National Park as a basis for evaluation of changes happening there
ABSTRACT. Between 1984 and 1989 on a permanent forest study plot in Ojców National Park, Abies
alba was observed to die out in the stands, as a result of industrial air pollution. Depending on the type of
forest association, from 15% to 100% of Abies alba specimens became extinct. Decidous tree species, mainly
Acer pseudoplatanus, visibly increased their number.
KEY WORDS: biological monitoring, permanent study plot, forest associations dynamics, extinction of
Abies alba, Ojców National Park.
SUMMARY
In Ojców National Park a network of permanent study plots has been established, in order
to observe biocenoses succession. The study plot designed to investigate forest association
dynamics covers the area of 18 ha. It is divided into 450 permanently marked squares, whose
sides are 20 m long. Detailed measurements of tree stand, scrub and herb layers were conducted
there in 1984 and 1989, using precise dendrometric, cartography and ecological methods
(tab. 1,2). These measurements allow to make a precise description of plant cover (fig. 1, 2).
During the 5 years period between measurements, strong expansion of deciduous tree
species (mainly Acer pseudoplatanus) and some mountain herb species (a. g. Lunaria rediviva)
took place. At the same time, coniferous tree species, especially Abies alba, were dying in
great numbers because of intensive air pollution. Abies alba became totally extinct in the
montane sycamore maple forest Phyllitido-Aceretum and fertile variant of carpathian
beechwood Dentario glandulosae-Fegatum associations. In acidophilous forest associations,
where firs share in the stands is large its extinction is not so rapid: in acidophilous beech
forest Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum 20% of fir died out, and in mixed acidophilous forest PinoQuercetum 15% did.
PR¥DNIK
4
6571
1991
STEFAN MICHALIK
ZMIANY POWIERZCHNI ZESPO£ÓW LENYCH W OJCOWSKIM
PARKU NARODOWYM, W OSTATNIM TRZYDZIESTOLECIU
Changes in forest associations area in the Ojców National Park during the
last three decades
ABSTRACT. After the establishment, in 1956, of Ojców National Park, a spontaneous regeneration of
native forest associations took place. The are of deciduous forest (Tilio-Carpinetum, Dentario glandulosaeFagetum, Phyllitido-Aceretum, Carici-Fagetum, Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum) has markedly increased. The mixed
acidophilous forest (Pino-Quercetum) with dominating secondary (antropogenous) coniferous stands has
decreased its area by 78% and will probably became extinct by the year 2010.
KEY WORDS: Changes of forest associations area, vegetation dynamics prognosis, biodiversity
protection problem, Ojców National Park.
SUMMARY
Present day species composition and spatial distribution of forest associations in the Ojców
National Park are to a great extent the result of mans past economy. After the establishment
of Ojców National Park in 1956 and restricting exploitation of the forests, the regeneration of
native biocenoses started. The area occupied by various forest and scrub associations has
greatly changed during the last three decades (tab. 1). Deciduous forests have markedly spread.
The area of mixed acidophilous forest has shrunk by 78%. The extinction of this forest,
which on this terrain is probably anthropogenous association, was speeded by industrial air
pollution which causes coniferous stands to wither. A very strong reduction of xerothermic
thickets area has also been observed.
On the basis of these tendencies, a prognosis of forest associations area changes for the
next 20 years can be given (tab. 2). These changes will result in a decrease of biodiversity.
The most unfavourable process is the fading away of xerothermic thickets, as a result of
overgrown wood stands shading the sunny rock massifs. In this way the refuges of very rich
flora and fauna, containing rare south and south-east geographic elements, shrink and disappear.
PR¥DNIK
4
7379
1991
WOJCIECH Z¥BECKI
Zak³ad Ochrony Lasu i £owiectwa AR
Al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków
WP£YW ZDROWOTNOCI I STANU SANITARNEGO JOD£OWYCH
DRZEWOSTANÓW OJCOWSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO NA
ZACHWIANIE STABILNOCI TYCH BIOCENOZ
Influence of health and sanitary state of fir stands in Ojców National Park on
their stability
ABSTRACT. Severe anthropogenic pressure on forest associations of strict and partial reserves in Ojców
National Park causes the wholesome health state of tree stands containing fir to worsen. The weakened trees
provide good conditions for reproduction of cambiophagous insects, which accelerate the degeneration of fir
stands. Passive protection based on nonintereference into these processes only result in impoverishment of
one the most precious associations in Poland.
KEY WORDS: fir extinction, cambiophagous insect, protection methods.
SUMMARY
Forest stands occupy a majority of Ojców National Park area. Some of them, including
stands containing fir, are the optimal stands for this environments conditions. The
anthropogenic degradation advancing in there has disturbed fir stands stability, caused rapid
decay and even extinction. Therefore, analyzing the influence of up-to-date reserve
management on stands containing fir seems essential.
Investigations carried out in strict and partial reserves have shown extensive decay of fir
infested with cambiophagous insects. In strict reserves, where no sanitary measures were
applied, this decay was more intensive than in partial ones. Meanwhile, as a result of the
proximity of fir stands where different reserve management was applied, cambiophagous
insect incidence remained the same, even though infested trees were removed. It seems that
strict protection of unstable fir trees leads to their degeneration into scrub. This process is
already visible in certain parts of Ojców National Park.
Basing on these observations, it is clear that strict reserve management is not the best way
to protect certain ecosystems. Broad National Park goals, mainly the protection of its
biocenoses taking place in plant and animal associations, especially so if there is any human
pressure present. Therefore, main directions of protection and its goals should be formulated
separately for particular elements protected in a national park, and the methods tailored to the
needs of safeguarding their existence.
PR¥DNIK
4
8190
1991
KRYSTYNA PENDER
Uniwersytet Wroc³awski, Instytut Botaniki
ul. Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroc³aw
OCENA STANU ROLINNOCI W REZERWATACH LASÓW
BUKOWYCH: W SUDETACH, NA PRZEDGÓRZU SUDECKIM I
WALE TRZEBNICKIM
The estimation of the state of vegetation condition in the beech forests: in
Sudety Mts., on the Piedmont of Sudety and in Ridge of Trzebnica
ABSTRACT. The decay of trees within the stands of some beech reserves: in Sudety Mts., Piedmont of
Sudety and in Ridge of Trzebnica, causes serious changes of their herbaceous vegetation. This article presents
vicarious communities of nitrophilous marginal vegetation and also communities connected with human
activity, formed on clearings.
KEY WORDS: The changes in the tree and herb layer in beech forest reserves.
SUMMARY
Observations carried out in beech forest reserves: in Sudety (Bukowa Kalenica) in Piedmont
of Sudety (Muszkowicki Las Bukowy) and in Ridge of Trzebnica (Las Bukowy w Skarszynie)
enable the estimation of changes of vegetation resulting from both: dynamics of stands of
trees and anthropogenic influences.
Changes of light conditions within the phytocenoses connected with the decay of trees
lead to the expansion of nitrophilous marginal and thicket species. Clearing in forests are
occupied by the following plant associations and communities:
- Ass. Urtico-Aegopodietum Tx(1947)1967
- Ass. Chareophylletum aromatici (Gutte 1963/1964) Nhslova, Nhsl. et Hejny 1969
- Ass. Torlidetum japonicae Lohm. apud Oberd. 1967
- Ass. Alliario-Cherophylletum (Kreh 1935) Lohm. 1949 em. 1967
- Ass. Epilobio (montani)-Geranietum robertiani Lohm. ap. Oberd. 1967
- Ass. Lysimachio nemori-Impatientetum Brun-Hool 1975
- Community of Sambucus nigra.
In connection with the penetration of the area vicarious plant communities of treaded
places are formed (ass. Prunello-Plantaginetum). In the natural communities few
anthropophytes occur.
PR¥DNIK
4
91102
1991
ZBIGNIEW KRZAN
Tatrzañski Park Narodowy
ul. Cha³ubiñskiego 42a, 34-500 Zakopane
GRZYBY JAKO NATURALNY CZYNNIK PROCESU PRZEMIAN
DRZEWOSTANÓW W REGLU DOLNYM TATRZAÑSKIEGO PARKU
NARODOWEGO
Fungi as a natural factor of the process of stands development in the Tatra
National Park
ABSTRACT. Paper presents results of the investigations on the influence of fungi communities from
wood and roots of woody plants on the development of natural and man made stands of the Tatra mountains.
The role of different groups of fungi in destruction of the old stands, and in the development of a new forest
generation have been discussed to state a way and kind of changes which are naturally going on in the
protected forests of Tatra National Park.
KEY WORDS: Tatra National Park, mountain stands, rebuilding, fungi.
SUMMARY
Studies were conducted in the stands of the Tatra National Park to recognize the role of
different fungi, and groups of fungi in the processes of stands destruction and their natural
restoration. The comparative investigations have been made in natural stands of carpathian
beech wood (Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum) and in man made spruce monocultures.
It was shown that the spruce heart rot was the most important causative agent of destruction
of the old stands. The real extend of the disease can be stated in general as 50% of trees, but
an intensity of the occurrence of the disease was much higher in spruce monocultures, especially
in young stands, than in natural forest. It was stated too, that Heterobasidion annosum was
the main fungus causing the disease, and in spruce monocultures there was no effective
interaction of other fungi isolated from wood against the pathogen. It means, that the stability
of monocultures was lower than natural stands in the Tatra National Park.
The role of fungi in natural forest restoration have been investigated on 5 plot fold both in
natural and artificial stands. The comparison of qualitative composition of seedlings shows,
that in natural stands this composition was adequate to the biotope (i.e. contains: fir, spruce,
beech and other deciduous species), when in spruce monocultures there were only spruce and
fir seedlings growing. That means, that in natural restoration processes changes in monocultures
were not going to rebuild future stands to be adequate to biotope, and that the human activity
is necessary for their successful reconstruction.
Fungi that occupy the root system of young seedlings play an important role in restoration
processes. There were few groups of fungi found, one of which is root pathogens such as :
Cylindrocarpon destructans, Heterobasidion annosum, Phoma sp. or rare in seedling roots
Cryptocoriopsis sp. which can eliminate seedlings causing their diseases. The other group of
fungi antagonistic to the pathogens was composed by: Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp.,
Phanerochaete gigantea and Mycylium radicis atrovirens.
Acting together, the fungi determine the future trees composition of the stands. Studies
shows, that in spruce monocultures roots of seedlings were more commonly infected by the
pathogens, and less frequently by their antagonists than the roots of seedlings grown in natural
stands. Comparing different seedling species it was shown that beech, and other deciduous
species were more often occupied by pathogens and worst chances to survive than seedling
of spruce.
Studies have to be conducted for closer determination of the role of fungi species during
processes oncoming both in natural and artificial stands, and to identify correlations of different
groups of fungi from seedlings roots in natural development of protected forest of the Tatra
National Park.
PR¥DNIK
4
103111
1991
LECH BUCHHOLZ
Katedra Entomologii AR
ul. D¹browskiego 159, 60-594 Poznañ
STAN AKTUALNY I PERSPEKTYWY KSZTA£TOWANIA SIÊ
EKOSYSTEMÓW PUSZCZY BUKOWEJ KO£O SZCZECINA ZE
SZCZEGÓLNYM UWZGLÊDNIENIEM JEJ CZÊCI
REZERWATOWEJ, NA PODSTAWIE OBSERWACJI FAUNY
CHRZ¥SZCZY Z NADRODZINY SPRÊ¯YKÓW (COLEOPTERA,
ELATEROIDEA)
The present state and possible changes of the ecosystems of the Puszcza
Bukowa primeval forest near Szczecin, with particular regard to its part
protected as a nature reserve, based on the observations of the fauna of the
beetles (Coleoptera) from the suprafamily Elateroidea
ABSTRACT. The four years observations of the fauna of Elateroidea in the Puszcza Bukowa primeval
forest near Szczecin have revealed the far advanced impoverishment of the zoocenosis of this group, caused
by the present forest management. This impoverishment concerns both utilizes forests and nature reserves.
There is a need to stop certain forest labours, at least in nature reserves, to prevent the growing degradation,
of forest ecosystems.
KEY WORDS: Elateroidea, nature reserve, forest management, impoverishment of biocenoses.
SUMMARY
Owing to the ecological characters of particular species, beetles of the suprafamily
Elateroidea are good bioindicators of long-term changes occurring in the ecosystems effected
by different mans economic activity. The four years investigations of the click beetles in the
Puszcza Bukowa primeval forest near Szczecin have demonstrated the grate impoverishment
of the zoocoenosis of Elateroidea, concerning both the number of species and the
intrapopulation structure of particular species. The impoverishment observed in nature reserves
created in Puszcza Bukowa was similar to that in utilized forests. All observations indicate
that these great changes have been caused by activities carried out in this area (including
nature reserves) within the framework of forest management for many years. The potential
biotopes of many important components of forest ecosystems have been destroyed due to
sanitation or occasional felling. If this activity is continued, itcertainly will result in the
development of extremely impoverished phytocoenoses, non-resistant to various factors, whose
homeostatic capability will be reduced to minimum. Consequently, zoocoenoses and
mycocoenoses will be poor, deformed, and unable of performing their functions in the
ecosystems. The author postulated stopping certain forest labours at least in nature reserves,
to counteract the growing degradation of forest ecosystems.
PR¥DNIK
4
113123
1991
STANIS£AW BALCERKIEWICZ
Zak³ad Ekologii Rolin i Ochrony rodowiska UAM
Al. Niepodleg³oci 14, 61-713 Poznañ
WYBRANE PROBLEMY OCHRONY REZERWATOWEJ NA TLE
DEGENERACJI FITOCENOZ LENYCH W WIELKOPOLSKIM PARK
NARODOWYM
Selected issues of the reserve protection against the background of degeneration of forest phytocoenoses in the Wielkopolski National Park
ABSTRACT. Main forms of degeneration of forest phytocoenoses in the Wielkopolski National Park
were characterized. The attention was paid on relations between the degeneration processes and forest-reserve
management. The necessity was pointed, of the more precized discernment and definition of particular
categories of reserves.
KEY WORDS: phytosociology, forest communities, degeneration of phytocoenoses, forest management,
reserve protection.
SUMMARY
Main forms of degeneration of forest phytocoenoses in the Wielkopolski National Park
developed as the consequence of anthropopressure were characterized. Examples of uniformity
of treestands (monotypization), excessive growth of shrub layer (fruticetization), sod forming
processes (cespitization), increasing role of some groups of mosses (bryophytization), invasion
and dominance of geographical alien species (neophytization) were presented. Forest
management was recognized as one of the main factors of degeneration and threat of forest
communities in the national parks. The necessity of more detailed protection projects and
changes in organization and management of the reserves was emphasized. Also the need of
more specified repartition of reserves according to categories corresponding with permissible
forms of influence of man and stability of protection rules was pointed.
PR¥DNIK
4
125133
1991
KAZIMIERZ G¥DEK
Zak³ad Ochrony Lasu i £owiectwa AR
AKTUALNY STAN ZAGRO¯ENIA PARKÓW NARODOWYCH
PO£UDNIOWEJ POLSKI I ICH FUNKCJE ORAZ METODY
OCHRONY
The endangerment of national parks in Southern Poland, their functions and
methods of protection
ABSTRACT. This paper treats of the state of the endangerment of nine national parks in Southern
Poland, lying within the geographical range of fir. Unfavourable processes occurring in the ecosystems of
strict and partial nature reserve of these parks can be used in biological monitoring. The author propounds
some postulates concerning recognizing and recording changes in the ecosystems of national parks.
KEY WORDS: national park, fir, spruce, insects, conifer stands degradation.
SUMMARY
Out of 17 national parks created in Poland, 9 are located in Southern Poland. They cover
57 516 ha, while the total area of Polish parks is 176 389 ha. The forest area of these parks
constitutes 45.5% of the total forest area of national parks in Poland (45 577 ha). Forests
occupy in this region 79% of its area, arble land 2%, and others 19%. Thus, forest
ecosystems have a decisive role.
In Poland 29% of the forest area of national park lie within strict nature reserve (28 405
ha). In Southern Poland out of 25 150 ha included instrict nature reserves, 16 276 ha (65%)
area covered by forests, which makes for 36% of the forest area of national parks in this
region.
All the national parks of Southern Poland lie within the limits of the natural range of fir, a
very sensitive species which has specific ecological demands and forms characteristic
ecosystems. The oak, beech, and spruce are, beside the fir, main components of the natural
forest ecosystems protected in nature reserves in upland, submontane, and mountain areas.
Unfavourable changes occurring in the ecosystems of strict and partial nature reserves of
Southern Poland, where the above mentioned species prevail in forests, can be used in
biological monitoring.
The natural and anthropogenic factors of a various intensity depending on the species
composition and structure of stands ecological and orogaphical conditions, and distance from
the sources of industrial emissions, destabilize stands and frequently cause their quick
degradation and dying, which concerns also strict nature reserves. A detailed analysis of the
present causes and rate of changes occurring in natural ecosystems could be made only in
strict nature reserves. They are irreplaceable study objects and reference systems in which
the kind, extent and consequences of the processes of degradation occurring in certain areas
have been stopped and not deformed or blurred by mans economic activity.
In view of the increasing pressure of anthropogenic factors connected mainly with industrial
emissions, we should apply different methods to protect stands in the national parks of Southern
Poland. In the partial reserves the possibilities of active protection and conversion of stands
are becoming wider and more selective (excluding the use of pesticides). On the other hand,
mans interference in strict nature reserves is and should be limited to exceptional situations,
when stands, this main element of the ecosystem, are threatened with a total degradation.
However, the use of pesticides should absolutely be excluded. One should indicated these
elements of the ecosystems of strict nature reserves whose great value justifies the use of
protective measures in special cases.
The functions of the buffer zones of national parks should be determined separately, but
these areas must be included in the strategy of protection in nature reserves. The way of their
management should enable an easy transition between utilized forest and areas of a different
protective regime.
PR¥DNIK
4
135138
1991
BOLES£AW RUTKOWSKI
Katedra Urz¹dzania Lasu AR
ZASADY URZ¥DZANIA LASÓW W PARKACH NARODOWYCH I
REZERWATACH PRZYRODY
Principles of forest management in national parks and nature reserves
ABSTRACT. This paper enumerates and comments of four basic principles, which should be respected
by the system of forest management in national parks and nature reserves: forest stability, preparing a conception
of the desired forest state, varied protection measures, forest control.
KEY WORDS: forest management, forest stability, age and species structure, continuous forest inventory.
SUMMARY
There are four principles, which should be respected by the system of forest management
in national parks and nature reserves. There are : forest stability, preparing a conception of
the desired forest state, varied protection measures and forest control. Experimental testing,
if the amount and structure of forest resources remain at a stable level, as a result of loss, upgrowth and increment of tree stands is the only measure of forest stability. Having a clear
vision of the desired form of the forest is necessary to define the aim of protecting it. According
to that vision and to natural conditions, the protection measures and the kind of forest
management should be determined. The processes of loss, up-growth and increment in the
forest under protective management should be continuously controlled on permanent study
plots using statistic methods.
PR¥DNIK
4
139144
1991
BOHDAN WA¯YÑSKI
ul. Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznañ
PODSTAWY URZ¥DZANIA LASÓW W PARKACH NARODOWYCH I
REZERWATACH PRZYRODY
The basics of forest management in national parks and nature reserves
ABSTRACT. A new idea of reserve forest management by a functional (scientific) method is presented
here. Forest categories (A, B, C), the type and form of forest biocenoses should determine the direction to be
taken by management. The effectiveness of this new management method is to be tested using natural
experimental and control plots.
KEY WORDS: forest management, forest protection, forest reserves, national parks.
SUMMARY
The author propounds his own concept of forest management in protected areas in Poland,
based on a scientific method. It consists in functional division of forests into three categories:
A under strict protection, B under partial protection, C forests lying between reserves.
The classification of habitats is based on the type of forest biocenoses, phytosociological
unit (plant association) distinguished within the framework of a habitat type of forest; it is a
potential plant association. The aspect of forest biocenoses is a present type of biocenoses,
constituting a basis for distinguishing forest units (subcompartments). Units in forest belonging
to category A are natural experimental areas experiments are performed by nature itself.
Units in the forests of category B are different forms of special protection, depending on the
accepted goal of protection: the protected element of biocenoses is precisely determined and
appropriate indications concerning management are given. The units of forest representing
category C do not include any protected elements of biocenoses. The direction of forest
management: to obtain the state of forest of the character of a potential type of biocenoses.
There are distinguished three kinds of forest: a) consistent, b) partially consistent, and c)
inconsistent with a potential type of biocenoses. Beside, three types of stands are distinguished:
a) model stands (control study areas), b) deformed stands part of them constitute permanent
experimental areas, c) stands natural experimental areas for the observation of changes
occurring in the course of the conversion of biocenoses.
The presented above method of the management of forest in nature reserves prefers an
active direction in the protection of forest which are under special legal protection.
PR¥DNIK
4
145151
1991
RYSZARD ZARÊBA
Katedra Urz¹dzania Lasu i Geodezji Lenej SGGW-AR
ul. Rakowiecka 26/30, 02-528 Warszawa
PROBLEMY ORTODOKSYJNEJ OCHRONY CIS£EJ I PRÓBY
REWIZJI INSTRUKCJI URZ¥DZANIA BIOCENOZ LENYCH W
PARKACH NARODOWYCH I REZERWATACH PRZYRODY
OSI¥GNIÊCIA, ROZCZAROWANIA, OCZEKIWANIA
Issues connected with orthodox strict protection, and ventures at revising
forest biocenosae management in national parks and nature reserves; achievements, disappointments and expectations
ABSTRACT. The author, a forest, on the basis of his outdoor studies discusses nature protection and
proposes a change in the management of protected areas. He does not agree with naturalists that noninterference
in nature is the best way of its protection. Naturalists approach is suggested to be dogmatic and mystic.
KEY WORDS: forest management, strict reserves, active protection.
SUMMARY
The author presents his views based on conclusions of his work on valorizing and
cataloguing protected areas. Their management, revising some instruction of it, and various
master and doctors theses have also been helpful to him.
Naturalists support a dogmatic and mystic form of passive protection of forest ecosystems
as the only one in accordance with scholastic philosophy.
It is an utopia to use this type of protection in the present phase of ecoclimate changes and
environment degradation. It leads to ecologic catastrophe in the protected area, or to fast
climax succession eliminating a large part of flora and fauna.
Protected areas management is the duty of National Forest Administration, and foresters
work also in the Ministry of Nature Protection. Investigations which are proposed to them are
those, whose results are known to forestry for a century already.
The majority of management measures meets naturalists opposition, especially concerning
the form of wood harvesting in partial reserves, which harvesting is considered to be an
exploitation of the valuable wood of rotting trees.
Naturalists know little, and people of technical education nothing about the basic laws
of forest ecology. Based on it is forest management leading to the maintenance of protected
areas. Forest management is different for various forest associations.
The principles of the new protected areas management instruction are overdone, and this
instruction has become a manual to scientific investigations. Its realization has halted.
The programs of management of reserve and national park forests are used to catalogue
protected resources, while economic plans are not realized there. This leads to degradation of
the reserves nature, and to extinction of the species, for whose protection the reserves were
established.
Also the nearly mystical philosophy of nature protection treats man as a potential criminal.
For whom are landscape parks established, when their recreation and touring usage is
forbidden, together with building of sanatoriums, hospitals and hotels; while tent sites and
primitive huts are proposed?.
PR¥DNIK
4
153159
1991
JERZY SZWAGRZYK
Zak³ad Botaniki Lenej i Ochrony Przyrody AR
DYNAMIKA LASÓW NATURALNYCH A KONCEPCJA OCHRONY
REZERWATOWEJ: RÓD£A KONFLIKTU I PROPOZYCJE
ROZWI¥ZAÑ
Natural forests dynamics versus nature conservation concepts: sources of
conflict and tentative solutions
ABSTRACT. Recent achievements in research on forest dynamics suggest, that a clear distinction shall
be made between strict nature conservation, which means protecting natural processes from direct human
activity, and active protection, which means maintaining given patterns in nature.
KEY WORDS: forest dynamics, nature conservation, pattern and process.
SUMMARY
Contemporary concepts of nature conservation in forest communities are to a large extent
based on past imaginations on how the dynamics of forest communities not influenced by
man looks like. Recent achievements in researches on dynamics of natural forests imply
some general conclusions and a few practical remarks. First of all, a natural forest is subjected
to constant, profound changes, and our opinions on forests stability result from the very
slowness of those changes. Secondly, dying of not only single trees, but also group of trees
and even entire forest stands (depending on the type of forest community) may be a purely
natural process. Thirdly, problems of forest dynamics and stability of forest communities
shall be displayed against the background of actual spatial scales: stability in periods of time
comparable with the longevity of trees may be ascribed only to relatively big forest tracts.
Taking this into account, a clear distinction shall be made between strict nature conservation,
aimed at allowing observations of nature processes undisturbed by direct human activity, and
active nature conservation, directed towards conserving given patterns in nature, what usually
imply a need of multiple human interventions, based on a specified target and plan of action.
PR¥DNIK
4
161166
1991
ANDRZEJ GRUSZCZYK, HENRYK ¯YWIO£
INDYWIDUALIZACJA ROZWI¥ZAÑ SYSTEMOWYCH
FUNKCJONOWANIA PARKU NARODOWEGO (ZAGADNIENIA
DYSKUSYJNE)
Individual solutions the functioning of polish national parks (questions open
to discussion)
ABSTRACT. The authors demonstrate that national parks fulfill unsatisfactorily their primary tasks. In
view of this propose individual system solutions for national parks, based on specific conditions in which
these parks function.
KEY WORDS: polish national parks, system of protection.
SUMMARY
The work of the polish national parks has shown that two basic tasks arent fulfilled in
practice:
- the realization of complex research on environmental changes,
- the protection of environmental phenomena.
In such circumstances the role of the national parks, referring to the tasks given above,
must be precisely determined. The following questions should be answered:
- what should be protected, where and why?
- in what why?
- what should be researched and by what methods?
The answer to these questions require new inventarizations organizational and planned
tasks, which are discussed in this article. The whole reasoning process is shown on enclosed
posters.
PR¥DNIK
4
167174
1991
RYSZARD KAPUCIÑSKI
wiêtokrzyski Park Narodowy, Pracownia Naukowo-Badawcza
wiêty Krzy¿, 26-004 Bieliny
UWAGI DOTYCZ¥CE DEFINICJI ORAZ FUNKCJONOWANIA
REZERWATÓW CIS£YCH I CZÊCIOWYCH NA PRZYK£ADZIE
WIÊTOKRZYSKIEGO PARKU NARODOWEGO
Comments on the definition and functioning of strict and partial reserves,
based on the example of wiêtokrzyski National Park
ABSTRACT. This article contains comments on reserve management in national parks in the light of
present regulations and various existing opinions. Using particular examples from wiêtokrzyski National
Park, the author comments others opinions negating the value of strict protection, and those criticizing the
effectiveness of up-to-date partial protection. Several improvements of reserve management are presented
and new definitions of strict and partial reserves are suggested.
KEY WORDS: aims of preservation, methods of preservation, strict reserves, partial reserves, reserve
designation.
SUMMARY
The author criticizes the current regulations defining categories of nature reserves, their
aims and ways of functioning. He considers unequivocal definitions of partial and strict reserves
as necessary for reserve management in national parks. The definition of strict protection
(strict reserve) needs immediate correction, as it contains erroneous expressions: - according
to this definition, strict protection can be lifted and than restored instead of being continuous;
- particular natural entities are the object of strict protection instead of the whole ecosystem
and the processes taking place in it.
The definitions of strict and partial reserve proposed here designate the object, aim and
methods of protection. The definitions of reserves which will finally be accepted should be
given forth in the amended regulations, especially in the Council of Ministers decrees about
the establishment of particular national parks.
Answering to many critical remarks being expressed about strict protection, the author
justifies this kind of protection, as the most valuable for science as well as for the preservation
of biodiversity and natural functioning of ecosystems. What is more, he provides the main
reasons for ineffectiveness of active protection, realized so far in partial reserves. He blames
inadequate knowledge of the protected object and the lack of clear definitions of aim and
method of protection as these main reasons.
PR¥DNIK
4
175180
1991
ROMAN ZIELONY
Katedra Urz¹dzania Lasu SGGW-AR
ul. Rakowiecka 26/30, 02-528 Warszawa
WYKORZYSTANIE WYNIKÓW OKRESOWYCH INWENTARYZACJI
LASU DO OCENY SKUTECZNOCI OCHRONY REZERWATOWEJ (
NA PRZYK£ADZIE LASU KABACKIEGO)
Using the periodical forest listing results to appraise the value of reserve
protection, as done in Kabacki Forest
ABSTRACT. In Kabacki Forest near Warsaw, forest management plans have been used to appraise the
effects of forest biocenosae protection. Between 1938 and 1987 timber stock per 1 ha rose from 76.1 to 267.5
m3, and the share of Pinus sylvestris decreased greatly.
KEY WORDS: Kabacki Forest, protection effectiveness appraisal, forest reserves.
SUMMARY
The effectiveness of nature protection in forest reserves can be judged on the base of
result from systematic scientific investigations, or of data from forest management plans.
This paper presents the usage of data from management plans to appraise the effectiveness
of Kabacki Forest protection. This forest was designated a recreation area for the inhabitants
of Warsaw in 1936. The devastation of Kabacki Forest stands between 1939 and 1947 halted
the realization of this goal. In 1948 regeneration of the forest was started, improving natural
and recreation values of this forest, which kept becoming more and more popular among the
people of Warsaw.
Between 1948 and 1987 the average age of this forests stands (in 1980 established as a
nature reserve) rose from 46.1 to 64.7 years. The average timber stock per 1 ha also increased,
from 76.1 to 267.5 m3, while the share of Pinus sylvestis in the timber resources decreased
from 90 to 50%.
PR¥DNIK
4
181191
1991
STANIS£AW SZYMAÑSKI, JAN CEITEL, JACEK ZIENTARSKI
Katedra Hodowli Lasu AR
ul. Wojska Polskiego 69, 60-625 Poznañ
WYKORZYSTANIE BADAÑ HODOWLANYCH W GÓRSKICH
REZERWATACH LENYCH SUDETÓW DLA PROJEKTOWANIA
SK£ADÓW GATUNKOWYCH UPRAW I PRZEBUDOWY
DRZEWOSTANÓW NA RÓ¯NYCH WZNIESIENIACH N.P.M. (NA
PRZYK£ADZIE REZERWATÓW: PUSZCZA NIE¯NEJ BIA£KI I
NOWA MORAWA)
Using cultivation studies in mountain forest reserves of Sudety Mts. to design
the species composition of cropping and to reconstruct the stands according to
their elevation (exemplified by reserves: Puszcza nie¿nej Bia³ki and Nowa
Morawa)
ABSTRACT. This paper presents an analysis of the structure and species composition of mixed forest
stands in Nowa Morawa and Puszcza nie¿nej Bia³ki reserves in Bialskie Mts. (East Sudety Mts.). Also
presented are the possibilities of using the study result, and the role reserves play in the proper forest economy.
KEY WORDS: forest stand structure, forest reserve, Bialskie Mts.
SUMMARY
The extinction of spruce stands in Sudety Mountains requires studies on optimal species
composition of forest cultures planted on the site of the dead forest. This paper present an
analysis of the structure and species composition of nearly mixed forest in Nowa Morawa
and Puszcza nie¿nej Bia³ki reserves in Bialskie Mts. (East Sudety Mts.). Results of this
analysis can be used to cultivate forest on this area. The importance of forest reserves for
forest economy has been emphasized, as reserves are the only place where growing old and
disintegration exist. These two phases of stand development, absent in economy forest, enable
us to understand the development processes taking place in forest.
PR¥DNIK
4
193199
1991
JACEK HERBICH*, MARIA HERBICHOWA*, PIOTR HERBICH**
*Katedra Ekologii Rolin i Ochrony Przyrody Uniwersytetu Gdañskiego
Al. Marsza³ka J. Pi³sudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia
**Instytut Hydrogeologii i Geologii In¿ynierskiej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Al. ¯wirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa
PROBLEMY I PROGRAM CZYNNEJ OCHRONY ZBIOROWISK
LENYCH NA POD£O¯U TORFOWYM (NA PRZYK£ADZIE
WYBRANYCH REZERWATÓW POJEZIERZA KASZUBSKIEGO)
Problems and programme of active protection of communities on peat habitat
(on example of some nature preserves on the Kashubian Lakeland, northern
Poland)
ABSTRACT. Paper presents the general idea and the detail project of active protection of peat bog
forest and non-forest communities, changed as a result of drainage.
KEY WORDS: methods of nature conservancy, active protection, nature reserves, management of water
conditions, degeneration of vegetation, monitoring, raised bog vegetation.
SUMMARY
The endangerment and changes of forest communities occurring on peat-bogs are poorly
known in comparison with the problem of the protection of non-forest peat-bog vegetation.
Meanwhile, many phytocoenoses of Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum and Betuletum pubescentis,
seemingly quite natural, have developed as a result of the drainage of peat-bogs. These
communities are now objects worthy of protection. Simultaneously they undergo a quick
degeneration due to changes in their habitats. The protection which has been given to them in
nature reserves has appeared ineffective.
The program of the active protection of plant cover vegetation was illustrated by the
example of Kurze Grzêdy and Staniszewskie B³oto nature reserves in the Kashubian Lakeland
(northern Poland). This program includes, among others, the discussion about different
concepts of the protection of particular peat-bog communities, definition of the principles of
an optimum solution, and the plan of management. The chief point of this program is the
appropriate regulation of water conditions which would enable the effective protection of the
most valuable forest communities, that developed in part due to drainage, and the same time
the partial reconstruction of the vegetation of open peat-bogs. The program is also an
attempt to work out the general principles of the protection of peat-bogs, the habitat conditions
and vegetation of which have been changed.
PR¥DNIK
4
201204
1994
W£ADYS£AW DANIELEWICZ
Katedra Botaniki Lenej AR
ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 d, 60-625 Poznañ
ZNACZENIE BADAÑ NAD DYNAMIK¥ POPULACJI DRZEW W
KSZTA£TOWANIU BIOCENOZ UWOLNIONYCH SPOD PRESJI
GOSPODARKI LENEJ W WIELKOPOLSKIM PARKU
NARODOWYM
The importance of studies on tree population dynamics in shaping the biocenoses which have been exempted from forest economy in Wielkopolski National Park
ABSTRACT. Wielkopolski National Park encompasses mainly the area of formerly utilized forest. After
this utilization was halted, spontaneous changes of forest biocenoses took place. They are expressed, among
other things, by actual dynamic tendencies of tree population.
KEY WORDS: forest disturbance, population dynamics, secondary communities, Wielkopolski National
Park.
SUMMARY
Artificial introduction of Pinus sylvestris and geographically foreign trees species is still
visible in the forests of Wiekopolski National Park. Presently, as result of old age, Pinus
sylvestris recedes from these stands. This is very favorable for the regeneration of natural
species composition, which is clearly visible in the lower layer of tree stands. This regeneration
is halted in those stands, which comprise shade-loving species (e.g. Fagus sylvatica), or
synanthropic tree species (e.g. Robinia pseudacacia, Quercus rubra). Therefore, in tree stands
deformed by past human economy, measures stimulating natural processes of regeneration
should be applied.

Prądnik. Prace Muz. Szafera

Transkrypt

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