Public management education in Central Europe: how far did we

Transkrypt

Public management education in Central Europe: how
far did we progress - II?1
Authors:
Juraj Nemec, Matej Bel University Banska Bystrica, Slovakia
David Spacek, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
Patrycja Suwaj, WSAP Bialystok, Poland
Artur Modrzejewski, University Bialystok, Poland
Introduction
The “Standards of Excellence for Public Administration Education and Training”,
prepared by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs together with
International Association of Schools and Institutes of Administration, state between many
other standards:
A Curriculum that is Purposeful and Responsive
A principal goal of public administration education and training is the development of public
administrators who will make strong, positive contributions to the public service generally
and, in particular, to the organizations they join, or to which they return.
To check to what extend this (but also some other) standard is respected by PA
education in selected CEE countries we started comparative research in Poland, Czechia and
Slovakia. This research is expected to respond to the following research questions:
1. How many public management (bachelors and masters) programmes are delivered in
selected countries? Are programs called public management really public management
programmes from the point of view of curricula? What are explanations for the
situation?
2. What is the proportion of public management courses in the curricula of accredited
public administration programs, sorted by group, delivered in selected countries?
What are explanations for this proportion?
3. What are the dominant teaching approaches used for delivery of public management
courses?
Last year at EGPA conference first results of the research were presented, clearly
indicating that:
- few real public management programmes are delivered in Poland, none in Czechia and
Slovakia,
- one of purposes for such situation are national university accreditation systems and PA
training rules.
1
Research published in this paper was supported by the Czech Grant Agency GACR
under the contract No. P403/10/1892: Outsourcing in the public sector.
This year we present new results from further activities of the project, namely our
findings concerning following important questions:
1. To what extend public management and general management courses are represented
in existing public administration curricula?
2. What are main methods [and problems] of delivery of public management courses in
PA education?
3. Type (background) of a graduates demanded by public administration institutions
(example of Poland), to be able to check if the demand by employers may be the
purpose that PM is underrepresented in PA education system.
1. Public management and general management courses in existing
public administration curricula
On the base of our findings in 2009 [Nemec, Suwaj and Spacek, 2009] we tried to
obtain as much information as possible about the concrete contents of PA programmes in all
three countries. For Slovakia, the analysis of full sample was possible. For Poland and the
Czech Republic it was not possible and feasible to continue with all existing programmes,
thus representative samples are used. At this stage we focused only on compulsory curricula
and the data are still preliminary (certain refining of results for differences of national
approaches is necessary).
Slovakia
The situation in Slovakia is relatively interesting. Our findings [Table 1] show very
heterogeneous structure.
Table 1 The curricula of PA programmes in Slovakia
School
1. EU
Bratislava
Study Branch
Public
administration
and regional
development
Level
Total
credits
Public
management
courses credits
General
management
courses credits
Mixed public
management
courses credits
6+ 6
Economics of the
public sector
3+6
I.
180
0
Marketing
Management
Theories of
management and
organisation of the
public sector
6+3
II.
2. UMB
Banská
Bystrica
Public
administration
and regional
development
120
6
6
Regional and city
marketing
Program and
project drafting
4+4
4+4+4+4
Territorial
management
Enterprise finance
Territorial
marketing
Marketing
Regional economics
and policy
Economics of
territorial
development
5 + 4 +4
I
180
Management I
HRM
Theories of
management and
organisation of the
public sector
Financing of public
administration
Regional and
2
municipal
economics and
policy I
3. UMB
Banská
Bystrica
Economics and
management of
territories
II
120
4+3 +6+4+5
3+4+6+4
Financial
management in the
public sector
Economics and
management of
NGOs
Controlling in the
public sector
3
HRM II
Territorial
marketing
Municipal and
regional finance
Spatial planning
Regional and
municipal
economics and
policy II
Territorial
management
4. UMB
Banská
Bystrica
Public
economics and
services
4+ 3 + 4
4+4+4+4
I
180
4
Enterprise finance
Territorial
management and
marketing
Management I
Marketing
HRM I
5. UMB
Banská
Bystrica
Information systems
in the public sector
Economics of
public services
Economics and
management of
public services I
Regional and
municipal
economics and
policy I
Economics and
management of
nonprofit
organizations
3+4+3+5+4+4
Economics and
management of
NGOs
4+3
II
120
Financial
management in the
public sector
HRM II
Controlling in the
public sector
Nonprofit
marketing
3+4
Information systems
in the public sector
Management of
service quality
Economics and
management of
public services II
Economics of
defense and security
Economics of
culture a sport
6. UMB
Banská
Bystrica
7. UPJŠ
Košice
Public policy and
public
administration
3
I
180
0
6
I
180
Managerial
economics
6+6
8. UK
Bratislava
9. VŠEMvs
Bratislava
Introduction to
management
Public
administration
Public policy
II
120
Management of
processes in PA
HRM in PA
0
5
Economics of public
administration and
public sector
6+5
4
Management of
financial flows
Regional economics
and development I
Regional economics
and development II
6
II
120
Public
administration
I
180
0
0
Public policies
implementation
8+6+4+6
12 + 6
Marketing
Economics of public
sector
Enterprise
economics
HRM
Project
management
Theories of
management and
organisation of the
public sector
3
Public
administration
and regional
development
10. TnU AD
Trenčín
6+6
II
120
Financial
management in the
public sector
6+6
4+4
HRM
Finance of public
organizations
Program and
project drafting
Regional and city
marketing
Public
administration
4+4+5
I
180
Enterprise
economics
0
Management
Marketing
Financial control
5+5
Theories of
management and
organisation of the
public sector
Economics of public
sector
4+5+4+4
11. TU Košice
12. VŠ
Sládkovičovo
Public
administration
and regional
development
Public policy and
public
administration
4
I
180
Management of
PA
Management
5
Business
Municipal and
regional finance
Marketing
Program and
project drafting
4+4+3+5
Management I
I
180
0
Management II
Management III
0
Management of
EU projects
13. SPU Nitra
Management of
rural areas and
rural tourism
4+6+6
I
180
Introduction to
management
0
Marketing
Enterprise
economics
14. SPU Nitra
Regional
development
4+6
Economics of PA
Theories of
management and
organisation of the
public sector
6+6+4+4
Modeling territorial
development
6+6
II
120
Regional and
municipal
management and
marketing
6
Project
management
Crisis management
in PA
Economics and
finance of regions
and municipalities
Economics and
management of
public services
Economics of
territorial
development
4+6
15. SEVŠ
Skalica
3
Environment and
regional
development
I
180
0
Management
Theories of
management and
organisation of the
public sector
Economics of public
sector
Source: own research
From the point of view of the structure of curricula of PA programmes in Slovakia the
summary data are provided in the Table 2.
Table 2 The curricula of PA programmes in Slovakia - summary
School
Study Branch
Level
Total
credits
% Public
management
% General
management
% Mixed public
management
4
1. EU
Bratislava
PA and regional
development
2. UMB BB
PA and regional
development
Economics and
management of
territories
Public
economics and
services
Economics of
public services
Public policy and
PA
3. UMB BB
4. UMB BB
5. UMB BB
6. UMB BB
7. UPJŠ
Košice
8. UK
Bratislava
9. VŠEMvs
Bratislava
Public
administration
Public policy
Public
administration
PA and regional
development
Public
10. TnU AD
administration
Trenčín
PA and regional
11. TU Košice development
Public policy and
12. VŠ
Sládkovičovo PA
13. SPU Nitra Management of
rural areas and
rural tourism
14. SPU Nitra Regional
development
Environment and
15. SEVŠ
regional
Skalica
development
Average undergraduate
Average postgraduate
I.
II.
180
120
courses credits
0
5
courses credits
7
5
courses credits
5
7.5
I
180
4
9
8
II
120
18
2.5
14
I
180
4
9
6
II
120
6
6
19
I
180
0
1.5
0
I
II
180
120
0
10
3
3
3
9
II
120
0
0
5
I
180
0
13
10
II
120
10
10
7
I
180
0
7
5.5
I
180
2.5
9.5
3
I
180
0
9
0
I
180
0
9
5.5
II
120
10
5
16.5
I
180
0
2
5.5
1%
9%
7%
4%
5%
11 %
The data from both tables indicate that there are large differences also within the same
type of programme. Public policy focus programmes [UMB, UK Bratislava and
Sladkovicovo] do not prepare students for managerial functions.
Such approach might be partly acceptable for UK Bratislava, where the highly
specialized postgraduate level programme is delivered with not many students enrolled. The
mission of this programme focuses on important public policy decision making levels –
however, we feel that some “management impact” is necessary also for policy making.
Undergraduate PA and policy programmes in Banska Bystrica and Sladkovicovo were
accredited within the study branch public policy and administration and their contents is
significantly negatively, according to our opinion, influenced by the national curricula for this
study branch.
5
Programmes named public administration [UPJS Kosice, VSEMvs Bratislava and
Trencin] differ – the proportion of management type courses on undergraduate level varies
from 6 % in Kosice [too little] to 23 % at VSEMvs [may be too much].
The rest of programmes are mixed to public management programmes according to
their names, but this is not enough presented by their curricula, especially on undergraduate
level [most critical situation at EU Bratislava, focusing too much on regional and not
management aspects].
Specific issue for Slovakia is the large proportion of different “Economics”: as clear
heritage from previous regime, when it was used to name courses in such way. The structure
of curricula lack proper level of unification: the same name must not be the same course,
names of courses frequently differ just semantically.
Between public management courses the highest frequency have applied marketing
courses [city marketing, territorial marketing etc.], general and comprehensive public
management is almost absent. Information management in PA or at least e-government,
crucial today, is also much underrepresented.
From the point of EAPAA accreditation [Faculty of Economics at UMB Banska
Bystrica programmes are EAPAA accredited] all programmes would have major problems to
fulfil criterion of multidisciplinary approach.
Poland
As indicated in introduction, Poland is too large country to include all schools and
programmes into the sample. Because of this fact, we focused on two samples – public
management programmes delivered by non PA programmes (4 programmes evaluated – Table
3) and on PA programmes accredited as with the title “Administration” or by PA (or similar
departments) at public schools (26 standard programmes plus 4 other provided data – Table
4).
Table 3 Public Management programmes offered by other than standard PA programmes in
Poland
Program
Total
Public
General
Mixed public
compulsory management
management
management
credits
courses credits
courses credits
courses credits
Public management
Methods and techniques Regional policy of EU
Uniwersytet Warszawski/
180
of recruitment and
and strategies of
Warsaw University
Wydział Zarządzania/
Faculty of Management
Title: Zarządzanie w
sektorze publicznym/
Public sector management
Program contains of 180
class hours without credits
specification
Politechnika Śląska/
Silesian Politechnique
Zarządzanie w
Political marketing and
public relations in
management
Open method of
coordination in EU
public management
Local labour market
management
Organization and
management in public
administration
Strategic management
in public administration
selection of personnel;
diagnosy of professional
competencies
Coaching
Techniques of stress
reduction
regional and local
development
Local-self government
and public properties
management
Public finances
management and
elements of financial
law
PPP
Outsourcing
Social dialog in public
management
Information
technologies in
adinistration
0
Forms of employment
in PA.
Public finances and
local government
finances
6
administracji publicznej/
Management in public
administration
Methods of public
administration
management
Marketing w
administracji
publicznej.
Technics of negotiation
and mediation in public
administration
Projects management in
public administration
Contracts in public
administration
Personnel management
in PA.
Resources of client
service in public office
Quality of procedures in
PA
PA control
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w
Poznaniu/ Economic University in
Poznan
Zarządzanie i organizacja w
administracji publicznej (210
godzin)/ Management and
organization in PA(210 class
hours)
0
Uniwersytet Szczeciński/ Szczecin
University
Wydział Nauk Ekonomicznych i
Zarządzania/ Faculty of Economy
and Management
Menadżer Administracji Publicznej
(95 godz.)/ PA manager (95 class
hours)
Management in PA
Public finances
management
Local properties
management
Quality management in
PA
Uniwersytet w Białymstoku /
University of Bialystok
Wydział Ekonomii / Faculty of
Economics
Zarządzanie I – go stopnia /
Management – Bachelor level
0
Public procurement
EU funds
Interpersonal
communication
Concepts and methods
of management
Strategic management
Principles and methods
of decision-making at
the top level
Structures of modern
organizations
Psychology of
management
Technics of negotiation
and conflict resolution
Group management
Planning and organizing
of work
Methods and techniques
of management
Results management
Image building
Audit and internal
control
Strategic marketing
Investment and
evaluation methods of
investment
effectiveness
Negotiations and
change management
0
Public Management
0
Organization and
management of public
services
Spatial development
Strategy of local
development
Public procurement
Selected problems of egovernment
Specialisation „Management of
public institutions”
The Table 3 indicates different approaches. We were able to find three real public
management programmes (at least form the point of view of curricula) – Warsaw and
Szczecin University, plus Silesian Politechnique – all of them delivered by non PA
departments. The fourth programme with the name Management and Organisation in PA in
7
Poznan is very interesting case – the curricula do not include anything from PA. The last
programme still needs more investigation.
Table 4 “Administration” and other selected PA programmes at public schools in Poland
Program
Total
compulsory
credits
Public
management
courses credits
General
management
courses credits
Mixed public
management
courses credits
1. Uniwersytet Warszawski/ Warsaw University
Wydział Prawa I Administracji
Administracja I – go stopnia/ Administration –
Bachelor level
2. Uniwersytet w Białymstoku/ University of
Bialystok
Wydział Prawa/ Faculty of Law
Bachelor level
180
0
0
2
Public policy and
public management
170
Personnel
management in PA
Organization and
management in PA
0
3. Uniwersytet Gdański/ University of Gdansk
Wydział Prawa i Administracji/ Faculty of Law
and Administration
Administracja I – go stopnia – Administration –
Bachelor level
4. Uniwersytet Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu/
University of Adam Mickiewicz in Poznan
Wdział Prawa i Administracji/ Faculty of Law and
Administration
Administracja I – go stopnia / Administration –
Bachelor level
5. Uniwersytet Szczeciński/ Szczecin University
and Administration
Brak Administracji I – go stopnia / no Bachelor
degree in Administration
Administracja II – go stopnia / Administration –
Master Degree
6. Uniwersytet Jagielloński/ Jagiellonian
University in Cracow
and Administration
Administracja I go stopnia/ Administration –
Bachelor Degree
7. Uniwersytet Łódzki/ Lodz University
Wydział Prawa i Administracji/ Facultu of Law
and Administration
Bachelor level
8. Uniwersytet Łódzki / Lodz University
Filia w Tomaszowie Mazowieckim/ Branch in
Tomaszow Mazowiecki
Administracja I – go stopnia Administration –
Bachelor level
9. Uniwersytet Marii Curie Skłodowskiej w
Lublinie/ University of Maria Curie- Skłodowska
in Lublin.
Bachelor level
10. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika / Nicolaus
Copernicus University in Torun
Wydział Prawa i Administracji / Faculty of Law
and Administration
Administracja I – go stopnia / Administration –
Bachelor level
184
0
Planning in the
organization
Decision-making at
the managerial level
The strategy of
organization
Management of
change processes
Control in
organization
The scope of
management
Development of
management
theories
0
x
0
0
0
x
0
0
0
x
7
Organization and
management in PA
9
Modern methods of
organization and
management
0
186
0
6
Theory of
organization and
management
0
x
0
6
Theory of
organization and
management
0
136 for basic
courses
6
Organization and
management in PA
4
Personnel
management
180
0
0
Organization and
management in PA
5
Basis of
organization and
management in PA
8
11. Uniwersytet Opolski/ Opole University
and Administration
Administracja I - go stopnia/ Administration –
Bachelor level
12. Uniwersytet Warmińsko Mazurski/ Warmia
and Mazury University
and Administration
Administracja I – go stopnia Administration –
Bachelor level
13. Uniwersytet Wrocławski/ Wroclaw University
Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii /
Faculty of Law, Administration and Economy
Administracja I - go stopnia / Administration –
Bachelor level
14. Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego/
Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski University in Warsaw
and Administration
Administracja I – stopnia/ Administration –
Bachelor level
15. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w
Bydgoszczy/ University in Bydgoszcz
Wydział Administracji i Nauk Społecznych/
Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences
Bachelor level
16. Uniwersytet Śląski/ Silesian University
and Administration
Bachelor level
17. Uniwersytet Humanistyczno – Przyrodniczy
Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach/ University in
Kielce
Wydział Zarządzania i Administracji/ Faculty of
Management and Administration
Instytut Ekonomii i Administracji/ Institute of
Economics and Administration
Administracja I go stopnia / Administration –
Bachelor level
18. Uniwersytet Rzeszowski/ Rzeszow University
and Administration
Administracja I go stopnia/ Administration –
Bahelor level
19. Politechnika Warszawska/ Warsaw
Politechnique
Wydział Administracji i Nauk Społecznych/
Faculty of Administration and Social Sciences
Administracja I - go stopnia/ Administration –
Bachelor level
20. Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie/
Economic University in Cracow
Wydział Nauk Społecznych/ Faculty of Social
Sciences
Bachelor level
21. Akademia Jana Długosza w Częstochowie/ Jan
Dlugosz Academy in Czestochowa
Wydział Nauk Społecznych/ Faculty of Social
Sciences
Bachelor level
22. Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski/ Catholic
University in Lublin
and Administration
Bachelor level
23. Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Elblągu
Instytut Ekonomiczny / Economic Institute
Bachelor level
180
4
Organization and
management in PA
2
Administration in
international
relations EU funds
management
0
x
0
180
0
5
The science of
organization and
management
0
180
4
Organization and
management in PA
0
0
x
5
Organization and
management in PA
6
HRM
0
192
0
7
Basis of
organization and
management
0
180
0
0
6
Organization and
management in PA
180
0
0
5
Basis of
organization and
management in PA
180
3
Organization and
management in PA
0
0
201
3
Organization and
management in PA
3+3
Basis of
organization and
management
EU funds and
project management
0
x
Organization and
management in PA
x
0
0
7
Organization and
management in PA
210
0
5
Organization and
management in PA
0
5
Organization and
management in PA
9
24. PWSZ w Gorzowie Wielkopolskim/ State
Higher Vocational School in Gorzow Wielkopolski
Bachelor level
x
Organization and
management in PA
0
0
25. Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w
Sulechowie/ State Higher Vocational School
Instytut Prawa i Administracji/ Institute of Law
and Administration
Bachelor level
26. Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im.
Angelusa Silesiusa w Wałbrzychu/ State Higher
Vocational School
Bachelor level
120
6
Organization and
management in PA
0
0
180
0
8
Theory of
organization and
management
0
27. Uniwersytet Warszawski/ Warsaw University
Centrum Studiów Samorzadu Terytorialnego i
Rozwoju Lokalnego Studia I – go stopnia/
Bachelor level, II year, macroprogram
University
Wydział Zarządzania i Komunikacji Społecznej/
Faculty of Management and Social
Communication
Instytut Spraw Publicznych/ Institute of Public
Affairs
Zarządzanie II – go stopnia/ Management – Master
level
University
Wydział Zarządzania i Komunikacji Społecznej/
Faculty of Management and Social
Communication
Instytut Spraw Publicznych/ Institute of Public
Affairs
Polityka społeczna – Social Policy
Specialization Management of public and civil
organizations
180
0
5
Organization and
management in PA
0
190
3
Basis of PM
0
0
200
3+3+3
PM in practice
PPP
Management of
local and regional
development
3+3+3+3
E-government
Budget and
investments
planning
Finance of public
organisations
Public procurement
30. Uniwersytet Humaistyczno – Przyrodniczy
Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach/ Jan
Kochanowski University in Kielce
Wydział Zarządzania i Administracji/ Faculty of
Management and Administration
Instytut Zarządzania/ Institute of Management
Zarządzanie II – st./ Management – Master level
Specialization: Public sector Management
Average (undergraduate courses, standard
programmes, where data are available – 14
programmes)
120
0
5+3+3+3+3+
4+6+4
Introduction to
management
HRM
NGO management
Operational
management
Knowledge
management
Project management
Interculture
management
Marketing
5+4
Strategic
management
Processes
management
x
1%
1,5 %
2
Organization and
management of
public economy
1%
Remark: We allocate the same course in different columns – in cases where the syllabus was available; this is
done on the contents base.
The Table 4 summarises data from standard “Administration” programmes and does
not provide very optimistic picture from our point of view. The national curricula expects that
the course Organization and management in PA will be delivered by all “Administration”
programmes. The reality differs; about one third of schools do not have such course. This
course is also delivered with very different syllabi – this is why we decided to allocate it not
according to its name, but according to its contents in the Table 4.
Only Jagelonian University and partly Bialystok programmes provide real PM
specialization. According to the collected information, two schools did not include either
general or specific PA management courses in the curricula at all. The proportion of
Management and PM courses is “Administration” programmes is really low.
10
The last issue - it is also interesting that the number of credits needed to finish studies
differs between schools.
Czech Republic
For the Czech Republic we provide only summary (Table 5) characterizing the
allocation of credits to public management, general management and mixed courses in
programmes where the curriculum information was available.
Table 5 The curricula of PA programmes in the Czech Republic – summary
School
Study Branch
Level
Total
credits
Public
management
courses credits
General
management
courses credits
Mixed public
management
courses credits
ČZU v Praze
PA and regional
development
Management of
regional development
Public economics
I
II
II
180
120
120
0
4
0
9
10
30
5
5
5
I
II
I
II
II
180
120
180
120
120
0
14
0
6
15
0
4
0
0
4
14
9
0
7
0
II
120
0
0
10
I
180
5
8
4
I
180
2
35
2
I
II
I
180
120
180
0
0
0
17
10
4
5
15
3
II
I
II
I
120
180
120
180
18
13
0
5
0
14
14
28
5
6
8
5
I
180
4
28
12
II
120
11
11
15
II
120
7
18
8
I
II
180
120
0
5
25
27
4
4
II
120
5
17
11
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
180
120
180
120
180
120
180
120
180
0
11
3
15
3
5
0
17
0
12
17
18
0
15
11
2
3
20
4
0
12
23
12
4
0
0
0
II
120
8
4
5
I
180
0
5 + ? (no info)
9
JU v Českých
Budějovicích
MU v Brně
MUP Praha
MVŠ
Olomouc
MZLU v
Brně
SU v Opavě
SVŠE
Znojmo
U Pardubice
UK v Praze
UTB ve Zlíně
VŠB-TU
Ostrava
PA and regional
development
l' Administration
publique
European studies and
PA
PA
Management and
economics in public
sector
PA
PA and regional
policy
PA and social policy
Public economics
and administration
Economics of PA and
social services
Public economics
and administration
Public sector
economics
Regional
development
Regional a
information
management
Public and social
policy
PA and regional
development
Public economics
and administration
Euro-administration
VŠFS Praha
PA
VŠMVV
Praha
PA and public
relations
European studies and
PA
Regional
VŠRR Praha
11
development
Public economics
and administration
Social services
management
Public economics
ZU v Plzni
Average in % undergraduate
Average in % postgraduate
VŠSS
Havířov
I
180
0
10
20
I
180
0
20
20
I
180
4
1%
6%
12
7,5 %
8%
19
4%
8,5 %
The average picture is very similar to Slovakia. Most frequent courses are Public
management and Public sector control and similarly to Slovakia several mixed “Economics”.
Again large differences can be found between programmes, but also within the group of
similar programmes. We also feel that in many cases the name [and mission] of the
programme is not reflected by the contents.
From the point of EAPAA accreditation [no programme is accredited, ESF MU Brno
is the EAPAA member] all programmes would have major problems to fulfil criterion of
multidisciplinary approach.
Summary
In the following Table 6 we provide summary data concerning the proportion of public
management, general management and mixed courses in PA curricula in all three selected
countries.
Table 6 Percentage of selected courses from total number of credits
Public management
General management
Mixed
Czech Republic
I
II
1%
6%
7,5 %
8%
4%
8,5 %
Poland
I
1%
1,5 %
1%
Slovakia
II
x
x
x
I
1%
7%
5%
II
9%
4%
11 %
For Slovakia and the Czech Republic “summary” patterns are relatively similar. Public
management courses are rarely delivered at undergraduate level (including mainly general
management and mixed courses), on postgraduate level PM seems to be sufficiently
represented. In Poland there are few real public management curricula, but the core standard
“Administration” programme curricula are dominantly legal and do not prepare public
managers for their functions.
2. Curricula and delivery methods
In this part we provide other selected information collected by our research, connected
with curricula and several aspects of delivery of programmes.
Curricula
12
In the Table 7 we provide information about the frequency of public management
courses delivered by all included PA programmes for all three countries. It is visible that the
national curriculum influences curricula in more visible way only in Poland, where the course
Organization and Management in PA is delivered by majority of programmes in the sample.
Table 7 PM courses in curricula
Course
Number of such courses in the national sample
Poland [26
Czech Republic
Slovakia [18
“Administration”
[36 programmes]
programmes]
programmes]
Organization and Management in 18
0
0
PA
Public management, management
in PA
0
9
1
Organization and management of 0
0
7
public economy/sector
Territorial, city, PA marketing
0
5
6
Territorial, city management
0
3
4
Financial management in the
0
1
3
public sector
Control and audit in the public
0
8
1
sector
Applied HRM
1
2
1
Project management in PA
0
3
0
Quality in PA
0
2
0
Remark: We put very similar courses with slightly different name under one heading and do not include courses
with almost any frequency in the sample
The Table 7 is really interesting. First - it indicates that the role of a national
curriculum is really visible only in Poland (despite that such national curricula exist and are
part of accreditation review also in other two countries). Second – for Slovakia and the Czech
Republic it clearly documents the way, how programme curricula are developed. Not best
international practice, but national direct and indirect agreements, connected with previous
system, plus the qualification of staff define the curricula contents.
Ways of delivery and examination
Several aspects are discussed under this heading, partly described on the example of
the Czech Republic in the Table 8 [data from Czechia are very much characteristic for all
three countries].
Forms of delivery differ already between programmes. Lecturing is still dominant
teaching method [is it possible to deliver courses like local financial management only by
lectures???]. We feel that the dissatisfactory proportion of more active forms is partly caused
by budgetary constraints – teaching all students in one group via lecture is much less
expensive for schools.
13
Number of teaching hours and especially number of teaching hours per one credit
differ between schools, in some cases too much. Curricula at public schools [especially
Slovakia and Czechia] seem too fragmentized.
For more and more courses the final examination starts to include essay, but only as
the part of the marking system. The open issue is the quality and way of reviewing written
essays. The copyright issues start to be important in all three countries only recently, and
mainly on finale theses level. According to personal experience in many cases such essay is
simply copy and paste exercise. Double review system for essays is not used at all.
We focused also on the structure [and quality] of literature used for courses. It was not
simple to obtain lists of core prescribed literature for public management courses in all three
countries, so the database is limited. The picture provided by available data is not uniform at
all. In some cases recent international textbooks were included in the list. However, not all
students in any of participating countries speak English, what may mean that such literature is
just recommended, or formally included [to have comprehensive list of sources], but not
really used. According to our experience, in many schools one local book is frequently
enough to pass examination [or even slides and remarks from lectures…].
Two interesting issues should be mentioned in relation to literature prescribed.
According to the Polish Law on Polish Language, there is a rule of national language
protection. It creates an obligation to use exclusively literature in Polish, if the language of
course is Polish. That is why the literature that is offered is in Polish, even international – is
translated, and this delays transfer of updates information. Professor can suggest other than
Polish books but cannot require them as an obligation.
In Slovakia the National Accreditation Committee requires that any school applying
for accreditation has its own textbooks on main topics. In such situation the first listed
textbook for almost all Slovak programmes is a book written by local teachers [if available].
Such approach also does not guarantee access to updated knowledge.
14
Table 8 Literature and ways of delivery [Czech Republic]
School Study branch Lev
el Course Credits Examination oral test essay School Literature National Delivery Internat. Lectures Seminars II Project management in PA 4 x x x 0 5 3 2 1 II 6 x x 2 4 2 1 8 2 x x x x x x 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 5 x x 3 0 2 6 x x x 2 2 1 2 2 x ‐ x 3 2 1 MUP Praha PA 4 5 I Drafting and evaluating project in PA Public management Management and control in PA Management and HRM in public organisations Public policy making and implementation Public sector control Public management I Public sector control 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0 2 MVŠ Olomouc SU v Opavě ‐ ‐ 2 2 2 1 II Local financial management Communal projects 5 5 ‐ ‐ 3 4 2 2 1 0 1 City and regional development Managerial methods in PA Public management 4 x ‐ x x 3 1 1 x x 2 4 1 Yes 0 Yes 1 3 2 Yes Yes HRM in PA 3 4 Yes Yes Public sector control 3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 13 3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Municipal marketing ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 5 Yes Yes I Marketing in PA 5 x x 2 2 2 2 I Financial analysis of municipal firm Public management Public sector control 4 x x 1 1 Yes Yes 4 3 x x x x 1 2 3 Yes Yes Yes Yes ČZU v Praze MU v Brně PA and regional development Public economics PA and regional development l' Administration publique Management and economics in public sector PA and social policy Public economics and administration SVŠE Znojmo U Pardubice Economics of PA and social services Public economics and administration Public sector economics II II I II 4 4 15
4 4 3 x x x x x 1 2 2 6 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 3 2 5 x x x x x x ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 ‐ 1 ‐ 3 ‐ Yes Yes 2 Yes Yes 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 0 1 1 2 2 Regional development II II UK v Praze Regional a information management Public and social policy II Theory of project financing Public management Methods and prognosing of regional development Regional marketing Regional management Policy analysis UTB ve Zlíně PA and regional development II Public sector control 3 Project management in PA 3 ‐ ‐ ‐ Administrative policy and processes Management methods in PA economics Regional and city management New forms of education in PA 5 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 3 x 1 2 1 2 4 ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 4 3 2 1 4 ‐ ‐ ‐ 1 2 2 Decision making in PA Quality in PA 4 3 x ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 3 5 2 2 2 1 0 EU project management A EU project management B Quality in PA 3 5 4 ‐ x ‐ x ‐ x 1 1 4 3 1 Ethics in PA 0 4 2 0 Public management 4 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 Municipal marketing ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0 3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 Public sector control ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 0 1 1 2 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ 2 2 1 2 0 2 1 2 1 x x 2 1 2 1 VŠB‐TU Ostrava Public economics and administration I II Euro‐administration VŠFS Praha PA VŠMVV Praha European studies and PA ZU v Plzni Public economics I II II II I PR in PA 4 Public sector control 4 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ Regional and city management and marketing 4 x Source: own research.
Remark: When information about course enumerates basic and recommended literature separately, only the basic literature was included in the
research.
16
3. Profile of graduates demanded by public administration
institutions (example of Poland)
One of our preliminary opinions about purposes of limited number of PM programmes
in selected countries was that there is limited demand for such specialists from public
administration bodies. To confirm such working hypothesis we realized direct research ion
Poland.
The core question in this questionnaire, constructed in the form of semi-open
responses document was:
“What kind of alumni do you select and hire, and does their knowldge and qualifications
reflect your needs?:
- graduated from Administration
- graduated from Law
- graduated from Management connected to the Public Management
What are your expectations concerning candidates?”
The questionnaire has been send to following institutions from all levels of
government:
1.
All Marshal offices (16) – regional level of local government authorities [5 answers
received]
All voivod offices (16) – regional level of government, subordinated to the central
government [4 answers received]
All ministries operating at the central level [7 answers received].
2.
3.
Because the questionnaire allowed for semi-open answers, and some responses are
vague, just to show the will to respond, the responses are difficult to categorize in a simple
way. Main findings are as follows:
1. No answer directly indicated that the office needs public managers.
2. Some answers, especially from ministries, indicated that the priority, respecting the
civil service legislation, is public administration and law graduates.
3. The classic CEE problem is the term “economics”. In CEE area this normally means
MBA graduates, very similar to management graduates.
One of few good examples of effective answer was the response from Urząd
Marszałkowski Województwa Mazowieckiego w Warszawie. Their education structure in
2010 is expected to be:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
graduated from economics/finance – 7
graduated from natural sciences - 5
graduated from law – 4
graduated from management – 4
graduated from Polish philology – 3
graduated from administration – 2
graduated from political sciences – 2
17
•
graduated from urban studies - 2
Other similar concrete responses arrived from two other offices. Urząd Marszałkowski w
Łodzi hired in 2009 total 26 people from administration programmes, 23 from management,
16 from law. In 2010 the already hired 11 from administration, 7 from management, 8 from
law. Pomorski Urząd Wojewódzki hired in 2009 total 58 people from administration, 61 from
law and 29 from management.
Despite of limited quality of responses, it is visible that public administration offices
are not much aware about the chance to use specialized public managers for managerial tasks
within their responsibility and that the current civil service legislation encourages accepting
graduates from “standard – legal” public administration and law focused programmes.
Conclusions
Our multi year research focuses on public management education in CEE, using the
Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia as the sample. According to international standards of
excellence, PA education is, between many other standards, responsible for preparing
effective managers for managerial posts in public administration [with implementation of
New Public Management approaches, the need for such specialists is really important].
Our findings are not very positive. Few real public management programmes are
delivered in Poland, none in Czechia and Slovakia – the purposes for such situation are
national university accreditation systems and public service recruitment and training rules.
The proportion of public management and general management courses in existing
public administration curricula differs significantly between programmes and schools. It does
not always reflect the name and mission of the programme. The delivery of mixed courses,
very much connected with the past [different “Economics”] is very frequent. It is visible that
national and programme curricula are developed on the base of tradition and “supply”, and
not on the base of international standards and “need and demand”.
Traditional methods dominate in delivery of public management courses [even applied
management courses are delivered just by lectures in some cases]. Essays [drafting and
presenting] are still not well represented. Memorizing might be enough for many schools.
It is visible that much still needs to be done to transform public administration and
management education in CEE. However, do driving forces, equipped with powers, for such
changes exist?
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
NEMEC, J. – SPACEK, D. – SUWAJ, P. J.: Public management education in Central
Europe: how far did we progress? EGPA conference, 2009
NEMEC, J.: EAPAA peer review accreditation and its potential to strengthen PA
education: the case of CEE countries. Bratislava: NISPAcee, 2006.
VERHEIJEN, T. and NEMEC, J.: Building Higher Education Programmes in Public
Administration in CEE Countries. NISPAcee, 2000
UN and IASIA: Standards of Excellence for Public Administration Education and
Training”, 2009
18
5.
6.
7.
www.eapaa.org
web pages of national ministries and accreditation committees
web pages and study guides of schools included in the sample
19

Public management education in Central Europe: how far did we

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