effect of nitrogen fertilization and methods of magnesium application

Transkrypt

Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura 8(2) 2009, 63-75
EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION AND
METHODS OF MAGNESIUM APPLICATION
ON CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, ACCUMULATION
OF MINERAL COMPONENTS, AND MORPHOLOGY OF
TWO MAIZE HYBRID TYPES
IN THE INITIAL GROWTH PERIOD
PART III. MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PLANTS
Piotr Szulc
Poznan University of Life Sciences1
Abstract. Field experiment was carried out in the Didactic and Experimental Department
in Swadzim (52o26’ N; 16o45’ E) near Pozna in years 2004-2007. The experiment was
carried out in „split-plot” design with 3 factors in 4 field replications. Reactions of two
maize hybrid types to differentiated nitrogen and magnesium fertilization and to the
method of magnesium dose application were studied. The effect of the investigated
factors was estimated on the basis of the changes in the morphological features of plants
and ears and on the quantitative status of plants. The hybrid LG 2244 stay-green type has
shown a better qualitative status of plants than the Anjou 258 hybrid. LG 2244 hybrid
produced lower plants; its production ears were set lower. It developed a smaller
assimilation surface area of a single plant and of the ear leaf. Its ear diameter was smaller
and the ears were longer in comparison with the hybrid Anjou 258. A significant effect of
the size of the nitrogen dose was found to be exerted on the changes in the values of
morphological features in plants and ears. The size of magnesium dose and the
broadcasting method modified the height at which production ears were set on the plant,
independently of the hybrid type and the size of nitrogen fertilization.
Key words: fertilizer application, magnesium, maize hybrid types, morphological
features of plants and ears, nitrogen, stay-green
INTRODUCTION
Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the plants whose growth and development depend
strongly on thermal and moisture conditions [Kruczek 1997]. Furthermore, the success
Corresponding author – Adres do korespondencji: dr Piotr Szulc, Department of Soil and Plant
Cultivation of Pozna University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 45/46, 60-623 Pozna, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
P. Szulc
64
of its cultivation depends to a high degree on agrotechnical factors, among which
nitrogen fertilization and the proper selection of cultivars play a deciding role [Costa et
al. 2002, Subedi and Ma 2005, D’Andrea et al. 2007]. The determination of the optimal
level of nitrogen fertilization ensuring the proper utilization of the great production
potential is one of the important issues in the growing of this plant. Therefore, new
methods are continually looked for that could increase nitrogen utilization from the
applied fertilizers. As suggested by some authors [Grzebisz and Gaj 2007, Wyszkowski
2001], nitrogen utilization depends to a high degree on balancing its dose with
potassium and on the availability of a number of other elements, including magnesium.
The hypothesis of the present experiment assumed that maize hybrids representing
different types would differ morphologically between each other depending on the
nitrogen dose and on the method of magnesium application. Therefore, studies were
undertaken in order to investigate the effect of nitrogen dose size and of the method of
magnesium application on the morphological features of plants and ears of two maize
hybrid types.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Climatic and soil conditions of the studies were presented in an earlier work by the
author [Szulc et al. 2008]. Biometrical measurements of the potential height of plants in
the phase of 5-6 leaves (BBCH 15-16), of plant height, and the height of production ear
setting were carried out before harvest using a wooden strip provided with a measuring
scale. The potential height of maize was measured with a ruler from the soil level to the
apices of the upper leaves. Stem diameter in the phase of 5-6 leaves (BBCH 15-16) was
determined with the use of an electronic slide caliper. This measurement was made on
the stalk between coleoptile and the first leaf of maize. Assimilation surface area of
a single plant was calculated on the basis of the formula given in the work of
Borowiecki and Filipiak [1992]. Light intensity at the ground level was measured using
an electronic luxmeter of TES-1336 A type.
PL = -3.550 + 3.774 · X
where:
PL – assimilation surface area of a single plant,
X – sum of the surface areas of the fifth and sixth leaf.
The surface area the 5th and 6th leaf was determined using Montgomery’s (quoted
after Borowiecki et al. [1992]): leaf length along the main nerve multiplied by the width
determined in the widest place and the result multiplied by 0.75 coefficient.
Results of the studies were subject to one-variable analysis of variance and then,
a synthesis of multiple experiments was carried out. Significance of differences was
estimated at the level of = 0.05. For the mean years a multinomial curve of regression
was determined.
Acta Sci. Pol.
Effect of nitrogen... Part III. Morphological...
65
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysed features presented in Table 1 were characterized by different
variability under the influence of environmental conditions indicated by the high span
of variability coefficients. In the case of the hybrids Anjou 258 and LG 2244 stay-green
type, independently of the fertilization level with nitrogen and magnesium, the most
stabilized features were: the quantitative status of plants after germination (the
variability coefficients were: v = 3.11 and 2.39%, respectively) and the diameter of ears
(coefficient of variability: v = 1.35 and 1.68%, respectively). On the other hand, the
most variable factor changing under the influence of variable experimental conditions
was shown to be the losses of plants during the growing period, which in the case of
Anjou 258 hybrid ranged from 0.00 to 7.62% (variability coefficient: v = 84.8%) and in
the case of LG 2244 stay-green type ranged between 0.00 and 10.1% (variability
coefficient: v = 120.0%) – Table 1.
Table 1. Variability of the analysed features of two types of hybrids independently of the
nitrogen dose and magnesium fertilization
Tabela 1. Zmienno analizowanych cech dla dwóch typów odmian niezalenie od dawki azotu
i nawoenia magnezem
Value of feature
Warto cechy
Feature – Cecha
1
Standard
deviation
Odchylenie
standardowe
Variation
coefficient
Wspóczynnik
zmiennoci
%
5
6
min.
max
maks.
rednia
mean
2
3
4
6.53
7.73
7.37
0.22
3.11
6.26
7.67
7.20
0.31
4.39
0.00
7.62
2.39
2.03
Anjou 258
Plant number after germination, pcs·m2
Liczba rolin po wschodach, szt.·m-2
Plant number before harvest, pcs·m2
Liczba rolin przed zbiorem, szt.·m-2
Plant losses – Zaniki rolin, %
Potential height in the 5-6 leaves phase, cm
Wysoko potencjalna w fazie 5-6 lici, cm
Stem diameter in the 5-6 leaves phase, mm
rednica odygi w fazie 5-6 lici, mm
Plant height – Wysoko roliny, cm
Height of ear setting, cm
Wysoko osadzenia kolby, cm
Assimilation area of 1 plant, cm2
Powierzchnia asymilacyjna 1 roliny, cm2
LAI index – Indeks LAI
Intensity of light at ground level, lux
Natenie wiata przy gruncie, lux
Surface area of ear leaf, cm2
Powierzchnia licia przykolbowego, cm2
Lenght of ear – Dugo kolby, cm
Diameter of ear – rednica kolby, cm
Agricultura 8(2) 2009
20.6
4.24
24.2
4.87
22.6
4.53
0.95
4.22
0.16
3.57
211.7
294.8
244.7
14.1
62.0
111.8
86.3
16.3
4070.5
5676.1
4762.3
435.6
2.87
3.98
3.42
0.26
2180.0
4563.3
2794.8
594.7
550.8
772.5
634.9
58.1
16.1
3.97
18.8
4.18
17.5
4.06
84.8
0.69
0.05
5.79
18.9
9.15
7.67
21.2
9.15
3.97
1.35
P. Szulc
66
Table 1 continue – cd Tabeli 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
LG 2244 stay-green type
Plant number after germination, pcs·m2
Liczba rolin po wschodach, szt.·m-2
Plant number before harvest, pcs·m2
Liczba rolin przed zbiorem, szt.·m-2
Plant losses – Zaniki rolin, %
Potential height in the 5-6 leaves phase, cm
Wysoko potencjalna w fazie 5-6 lici, cm
Stem diameter in the 5-6 leaves phase, mm
rednica odygi w fazie 5-6 lici, mm
Plant height – Wysoko roliny, cm
Height of ear setting, cm
Wysoko osadzenia kolby, cm
Assimilation area of 1 plant, cm2
Powierzchnia asymilacyjna 1 roliny, cm2
LAI index – Indeks LAI
Intensity of light at ground level, lux
Natenie wiata przy gruncie, lux
Surface area of ear leaf, cm2
Powierzchnia licia przykolbowego, cm2
Lenght of ear – Dugo kolby, cm
Diameter of ear – rednica kolby, cm
7.16
7.85
7.54
0.18
2.39
6.78
7.80
7.41
0.25
3.46
0.00
10.17
1.73
2.08
21.8
4.28
24.5
5.06
23.1
4.69
120.0
0.68
2.95
0.22
4.69
201.1
245.6
221.7
12.2
48.9
103.0
73.9
18.5
25.0
3664.9
5460.9
4531.2
544.3
12.01
2.85
3.89
3.35
0.31
5.53
9.34
2421.0
4540.8
3030.8
516.9
17.0
495.9
723.2
595.2
65.5
11.0
16.8
3.81
20.1
4.13
18.1
4.00
0.89
0.06
4.93
1.68
Correct plant density in the area unit is one of the important agrotechnical factors in
maize grown for grain [Szele
nik 1988, Bru
dziak 1996]. According to the actual
recommendations, plant density in this hybrid technology should be 8-9 pcs·m2. Lack of
optimal plant density at the very beginning of growing period does not permit to fully
realize the total production potential of maize which, on the basis of photosynthetic
output, amounts to 32 tons of grain·ha-1 [Grzebisz 2008]. In the performed studies, the
quantitative number of plants after germination, before harvest, and the plant losses
during the whole growing period, independently of the weather course in the
experimental years, depended only on the cultivar factor and the nitrogen dose (Table
2). In the case of the stay-green type hybrid, the number of plants after germination was
greater by 0.17 pcs·m-2, while before harvest by 0.21 pcs·m-2 in comparison with the
hybrid Anjou 258. In the case of LG 2244 hybrid, comparatively smaller plant density
(by 0.66 point %) was found in the whole growing period in comparison with Anjou
258 hybrid. The greatest number of plants in the area unit after germination and also
before harvest was found for the dose of 0 kg N·ha-1 (7.54 and 7.40 pcs·m-2,
respectively). The quantitative status of plants after germination and before harvest in
the nitrogen doses intervals from 30 to 120 kg N·ha-1 was statistically at the same level.
The application of a higher fertilization level (150 kg N·ha-1) caused a significant
decrease in plants in the area unit in both analysed terms of observation compared with
the remaining dose sizes of nitrogen ranging from 0 to 150 kg N·ha-1. Plant density
increased almost in a linear way and for the dose of 0 kg N·ha-1 it amounted to 1.83%,
while for the dose of 150 kg N·ha-1 it was 2.47% (Table 2). As reported by Borowiecki
and Koter [1983], poor plant germination impeded their growth on objects with high
doses of urea caused by a significant amount of ammonium nitrogen in the soil as
Acta Sci. Pol.
67
a result of urea hydrolysis. In our own studies, the same reason may explain the
decreased plant density after germination and before harvest, as well as the increased
plant losses in the case of increased maize fertilization with this fertilizer. Similar
symptoms described in literature are explained by a harmful concentration of
ammonium ions and are called ammoniacal poisoning of plants [Uziak and Szymaska
1979].
Table 2. Quantitative status of plants
Tabela 2. Stan ilociowy rolin
Specification
Wyszczególnienie
Anjou 258
LG 2244
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
0
30
60
Dose N
90
Dawka N
kg·ha-1
120
150
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
0
Dose Mg
15 in rows – rzdowo
Dawka Mg
15 broadcasting – rzutowo
-1
kg·ha
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
Hybrid
Odmiana
Before harvest
After germination
Przed zbiorem
Po wschodach
pcs·m-2 – szt.·m-2
7.37
7.54
0.085
7.54
7.50
7.50
7.50
7.43
7.27
0.086
7.47
7.43
7.47
ns – ni
7.20
7.41
0.105
7.40
7.33
7.36
7.35
7.29
7.09
0.091
7.33
7.28
7.30
ns – ni
Plant losses
Zaniki rolin
%
2.39
1.73
0.567
1.83
2.21
1.91
1.95
2.00
2.47
ns – ni
1.89
2.08
2.21
ns – ni
ns – ni – non-significant differences – rónice nieistotne
Quantitative status of plants before harvest in the performed experiment depended
also on the interaction between the hybrid type and the nitrogen dose size (Fig. 1).
These dependences were described by equations of the second degree, whereby for the
hybrid LG 2244 stay-green type, this dependence took place at a higher level compared
with Anjou 258. In the case of Anjou 258, the maximal quantitative status of plants
before harvest (7.31 pcs·m-2) was obtained for the nitrogen dose of 33.3 kg N·ha-1, while
for the hybrid LG 2244 stay-green type, the maximal quantitative status of plants before
harvest (7.47 pcs·m-2) was found for the nitrogen dose of 40.0 kg N·ha-1. The result
obtained in our own studies testifies to a higher tolerance of the stay-green type to
a high concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the soil in comparison with the
traditional hybrid.
P. Szulc
68
Fig. 1.
Rys. 1.
Quantitative status of plants before harvest
Stan ilociowy rolin przed zbiorem
Plant losses during growing period was also determined by the interaction of hybrid
type and the dose size of magnesium, as well as by the method of its application (Fig.
2). In the case of the magnesium dose of 0 and 15 kg Mg·ha-1 sown by broadcasting,
plant losses, independently of the cultivar type, were statistically at the same level. In
the case of Anjou 258 hybrid, the application of 15 Mg·ha-1 sown in rows caused
a significant increase in plant losses in comparison with the hybrids LG 2244 stay-green
type. This difference was 1.47 point %. Poisonings of young maize plants, which caused
greater losses during growing period, were the result of the absence of nutrition balance.
This is revealed by an excessive agglomeration of ammonium nitrogen and a limitation
on other components uptake. A high importance is ascribed to the level of
carbohydrates in plants, which supply carbon chains binding the excess of ammonium
ions (originating as a result of urea hydrolysis). Hence, very important is the proper
carbohydrates management in plants, which can be achieved by supplying maize plants
with other microelements: sulphur, potassium, and magnesium [Uziak and Szymaska
1979]. Smaller density of the stay-green type hybrid as a result of 15 kg Mg·ha-1 sown
in rows testifies that the plants were better nourished with those elements in comparison
with the Anjou 258 hybrid (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Rys. 2.
Plant losses during growing period depending on the hybrid type and magnesium
fertilization
Zaniki rolin podczas okresu wegetacji w zalenoci od typu odmiany i nawoenia
magnezem
Acta Sci. Pol.
69
In the phase of 5-6 leaves (BBCH 15-16), measurement was carried out of the
potential height and diameter of maize stems. No effect on the above features was found
to be exerted by this type of hybrid and by the magnesium dose (Table 3). Magnesium
is a microelement which in comparison with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium acts to
a small degree, but in a very positive way, on the yield of maize [Mercik and Stpie
1993]. The requirement of this plant in relation to this microelement in the initial phases
of growth and development is small. This fact explains the absence of any influence of
the magnesium dose and the method of its application on the potential height and
diameter of plant stem in the discussed phase.
Table 3. Potential height and stem diameter in the phase of 5-6 leaves (BBCH 15-16)
Tabela 3. Wysoko potencjalna i rednica odygi w fazie 5-6 lici (BBCH 15-16)
Specification
Wyszczególnienie
Hybrid
Odmiana
Dawka N
Dose N
kg·ha-1
Dawka Mg
Dose Mg
kg·ha-1
Potential height
Wysoko potencjalna
cm
Stem diameter
rednica odygi
mm
22.62
23.11
ns – ni
22.20
23.23
23.48
23.40
22.32
22.31
0.973
22.89
22.93
22.79
ns – ni
4.53
4.69
ns – ni
4.43
4.57
4.65
4.71
4.73
4.56
0.242
4.62
4.64
4.57
ns – ni
Anjou 258
LG 2244
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
0
30
60
90
120
150
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
0
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
ns – ni – non significant differences – rónice nieistotne
The highest potential height of maize was found for the nitrogen dose of 60 kg N·ha-1
(23.40 cm), while the greatest stem diameter was obtained with the dose of 120 kg N·ha-1
(4.73 mm) – Table 3. The application of the highest nitrogen dose caused a significant
decrease in the above features. The impediment of maize growth on objects with the
highest dose of urea, i.e. with 150 kg N·ha-1, was caused by a significant concentration
of ammonium nitrogen in the soil as a result of urea hydrolysis [Borowiecki and Koter
1983].
Stem thickness (BBCH 15-16) in the performed experiment depended also on the
interaction between the hybrid type and the size of nitrogen dose (Fig. 3). These
interdependences have been described by equations of the second degree, whereby for
the hybrid LG 2244 stay-green type, this interdependence took place at a higher level in
comparison with Anjou 258 hybrid. In the case of Anjou 258, maximal stem diameter
(4.76 mm) was obtained for the nitrogen dose of 87.5 kg N·ha-1, while for the hybrid LG
2244 (stay-green type), maximal stem diameter (4.86 mm) was shown for the nitrogen
dose of 91.5 kg N·ha-1.
70
Fig. 3.
Rys. 3.
P. Szulc
Stem diameter in the phase of 5-6 leaves (BBCH 15-16) depending on hybrid type and
nitrogen fertilization
Grubo odygi w fazie 5-6 lici (BBCH 15-16) w zalenoci od typu odmiany
i nawoenia azotem
On average, in the three years of the studies, the hybrid Anjou 258 was higher by
32.3 cm and it set production ears on the plant higher by 12.4 cm in comparison with
LG 2244 stay-green type – Table 4. The plant height and the height of ears setting
increased in the range of nitrogen doses from 0 to 120 kg N·ha-1. The application of the
highest nitrogen fertilization level caused a significant decrease in the values of plant
morphological features. The production ears of maize fertilized with 15 kg Mg·ha-1
(applied in rows and by broadcasting) were set higher in relation to the object without
fertilization with this macrocomponent. Between the magnesium application methods,
no significant influence was shown in the height of production ears setting. Literature
reports referring to the effect of nitrogen fertilization level on stem height are
contradictory. Kruczek [1988] confirmed the absence of any effect of nitrogen
fertilization within the range of 100-180 kg N·ha-1 on plant height. In turn, in another
work by the same author [Kruczek 1997], in an experiment with a great number of
nitrogen doses (30-270 kg N·ha-1), an increase was found in plant height under
differentiated fertilization with this macrocomponent.
Correct plant density in the area unit exerts a strong influence also on the size of the
assimilation area, which to a high degree decides about the effectiveness of solar
radiation [Szele
nik 1991]. Excessive density of plants leads to the decrease in
photosynthesis productivity resulting as a consequence of the plants mutually
shadowing each other [Borowiecki and Machul 1997], and the decreased photosynthesis
intensity of leaves at an increased (by nitrogen) respiration intensity, in effect causes the
drop of biomass yield [Wojcieska-Wyskupajtys 1996]. However, on the other hand,
significantly decreased plant density, in spite of better growth conditions for the
individual plants, does not always ensure obtaining high yields. In our own studies, the
assimilation area of a single plant and of a single ear leaf depended on the hybrid type
and on the nitrogen fertilization size (Table 4). Anjou 258 hybrid had a greater total area
of leaf blades and of the ear leaf in comparison with the hybrid LG 2244 stay-green
type. The differences were 231.1 cm and 39.7 cm2, respectively. Values of the discussed
features increased in a linear way within the range of nitrogen doses from 0 to 90 kg
N·ha-1. The application of a higher level of maize fertilization with nitrogen caused
a significant decrease in the assimilation area of a single plant and of the ear leaf.
Acta Sci. Pol.
254.0
221.7
24.97
226.0
232.0
233.3
235.3
268.3
232.0
25.04
247.7
231.9
233.7
ns – ni
ns – ni – non significant differences – rónice nieistotne
Anjou 258
Hybrid
LG 2244
Odmiana
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
0
30
Dose N
60
Dawka N
90
.
-1
kg ha
120
150
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
0
Dose Mg
Dawka Mg
.
-1
kg ha
LSD0.05 – NIR0,05
Specification
Wyszczególnienie
86.3
73.9
3.03
77.6
79.6
80.2
80.6
81.7
81.2
2.26
78.9
80.0
80.5
0.88
cm2
4762.3
4531.2
180.92
4619.0
4639.2
4647.1
4715.5
4646.5
4613.2
98.24
4649.5
4622.1
4668.7
ns – ni
Assimilative
Height of
area of 1 plant
setting of ear
Powierzchnia
Wysoko
asymilacyjna
osadzenia kolby
1 roliny
cm
Height of plant
Wysoko
roliny
Table 4. Chosen morphological features of plants
Tabela 4. Wybrane cechy morfologiczne rolin
–
3.42
3.35
ns – ni
3.41
3.39
3.41
3.45
3.37
3.26
0.083
3.39
3.36
3.40
ns – ni
Leaf area index
LAI
Indeks
powierzchni
lici
lux
2126.8
2691.7
236.45
3025.1
2547.7
2512.2
1945.0
2391.8
2033.7
471.32
2362.4
2455.5
2209.8
ns – ni
Light intensity
at ground level
Natenie
wiata przy
gruncie
cm2
634.9
595.2
24.42
610.3
610.1
616.5
626.4
619.9
606.9
13.02
615.7
610.7
618.8
ns – ni
17.55
18.10
0.164
17.39
17.76
17.84
17.85
18.12
17.98
0.210
17.86
17.78
17.84
ns – ni
Assimilation area
of ear leaf
Lenght of
Powierzchnia
ear
asymilacyjna
Dugo
licia
kolby
przykolbowego
cm
4.06
4.00
0.029
3.99
4.02
4.04
4.05
4.04
4.04
0.030
4.03
4.03
4.04
ns – ni
Diameter of
ear
rednica
kolby
71
.
72
P. Szulc
Assimilation ability of plants is defined by the LAI index (leaf assimilation index). It
is the proportion of the total surface area of leaf blades to the surface area of the soil on
which the plants grow. As reported by Brown et al. [1970], the highest yields of maize
grain can be obtained when the LAI index is 3.3. On the other hand, Dubas [1988]
suggested that in the growing of maize for grain, the LAI index should be 3.5-4.0.
According to Mengel and Kirkby [1983], the optimal value of LAI is 5. In our own
studies, only the influence of the size of the nitrogen dose on this feature has been
confirmed (Table 4). The value of LAI increased in a linear way within the range of
nitrogen doses from 0 kg N·ha-1 (3.41) to 90 kg N·ha-1 (3.45). The application of
a higher nitrogen fertilization dose caused a significant decrease in the LAI index.
The size of leaf surface area (LAI) in our experiment also depended on the
interaction of the hybrid type and the nitrogen dose size (Fig. 4). These dependences
have been described by equations of the second degree, whereby for Anjou 258, this
dependence took place at a higher level, in comparison with LG 2244 stay-green type.
In the case of Anjou 258 hybrid, the max. LAI index (3.49) was obtained for the
nitrogen dose of 65 kg N·ha-1, while for the hybrid LG 2244 stay-green type, the max.
LAI (3.33) was shown for the nitrogen dose smaller by 5 kg N·ha-1.
Fig. 4.
Rys. 4.
Index of leaf surface area LAI depending on hybrid type and on the size of nitrogen
fertilization
Indeks powierzchni lici LAI w zalenoci od typu odmiany i wielkoci nawoenia
azotem
Light intensity at ground level depended in our experiment on the hybrid type and
on the nitrogen dose (Table 4). More solar radiation reached the ground surface in the
case of LG 2244 stay-green type compared with Anjou 258 hybrid. The difference
amounted to 564.9 lux. The growth of assimilation surface area of a single plant, of the
ear leaf, and the LAI index contributed to a greater interception of solar radiation by the
Anjou 258 hybrid in comparison with LG 2244 stay-green type. The obtained result in
our own studies was also confirmed by Sulewska [1990], who showed different light
intensities on the soil surface depending on the hybrid. The smallest amount of solar
radiation was intercepted by maize cultivated on the dose of 0 kg N·ha-1, while the
significantly greatest amount was received at the dose of 90 kg N·ha-1.
Values of the morphological features of ears, i.e. their length and diameter,
depended on the type of hybrid and the size of the nitrogen dose (Table 4). Longer ears
(by 0.60 cm) and at the same time thinner by 0.06 cm were developed by the hybrid LG
2244 stay-green type in comparison with Anjou 258. Ear length increased in a linear
way at the interval of nitrogen doses from 0 kg N·ha-1 (17.3 cm) to 120 kg N·ha-1 (18.1
Acta Sci. Pol.
73
cm). The application of 150 kg N·ha-1 in the form of urea caused a significant decrease
in the value of this feature. The thinnest ears were developed by maize grown on
nitrogen dose of 0 kg N·ha-1 (3.99 cm), while the shortest ears were obtained on the
nitrogen dose of 90 kg N·ha-1 (4.05 cm). The result shown in our own studies was also
confirmed by Kruczek [2004]. The latter author obtained an increase in ear length and
ear diameter under the influence of nitrogen fertilization amount in the range of doses
from 25 to 130 kg N·ha-1. In turn, Costa et al. [2002] showed an increase in ear length in
6 maize hybrids within the range of doses from 0 to 170 kg N·ha-1.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Hybrid LG 2244 stay-green type produced a greater number of plants after
germination and before harvest in comparison with Anjou 258 hybrid.
2. Application of 150 kg N·ha-1 caused a significant decrease in the quantitative
status of plants in comparison with the remaining nitrogen doses.
3. The potentially highest maize height was found after the application of 60 kg
N·ha-1, while the greatest diameter of maize stem was obtained with the dose of 120 kg
N·ha-1 .The application of a higher nitrogen fertilization level caused a significant
decrease in the values of these features.
4. Hybrid plants of LG 2244 stay-green type were lower, they set their production
ears lower, and they developed a smaller assimilation area of a single plant and of the
ear leaf, a smaller ear diameter, and longer ears in comparison with Anjou 258 hybrid.
5. The highest values of plant height, ear setting, and ear length were found for the
nitrogen dose of 120 kg N·ha-1, while the highest values of assimilation area of a single
plant, the LAI index, area of ear leaf, and the ear diameter were obtained with the dose
of 90 kg N·ha-1.
6. Anjou 258 was the hybrid that utilized solar radiation to a greater extent than the
LG 2244 stay-green type hybrid. The greatest utilization of solar radiation by a maize
field was found for the nitrogen dose of 90 kg N·ha-1.
7. The application of 15 kg Mg·ha-1 sown in rows and by broadcasting caused an
increased height of production ears setting in comparison with the dose of 0 kg Mg·ha-1
independently of the hybrid type and the nitrogen dose.
8. LG 2244 stay-green type hybrid was more resistant to a higher concentration of
ammonium nitrogen in the soil, as a result of urea hydrolysis, in comparison with the
traditional hybrid. It resulted from a better quantitative status of plants before harvest
and more favourable morphological features of plants in the conditions of higher
nitrogen fertilization in the form of urea.
REFERENCES
Borowiecki J., Filipiak K., Wybór lici wska
nikowych do okrelenia powierzchni liciowej
kukurydzy [Selection of indicator leaves for the determination of maize leaf surface area].
Pam. Pu. 100, 77-85 [in Polish].
Borowiecki J., Koter Z., 1983. Porównanie saletry amonowej i mocznika jako róda azotu dla
kukurydzy [Comparison of ammonium nitrate and urea as sources of nitrogen for maize].
Pam. Pu. 81, 77-88 [in Polish].
74
P. Szulc
Borowiecki J., Machul M., 1997. Stan bada nad agrotechnik kukurydzy w Polsce [State of the
studies on maize agrotechnics in Poland]. Zesz. Probl. Post. Nauk Rol. 450, 55-62 [in Polish].
Brown R.H., Beaty E.R., Ethredge W.J., Hayes D.D., 1970. Influence of row width and plant
population on yield of two varieties of corn (Zea mays L.) Agron. J. 62, 767-770.
Bru
dziak M., 1996. Plonowanie trzech odmian kukurydzy w zalenoci od gstoci siewu [Yield
of three maize cultivars depending on sowing density]. Zesz. Nauk. AR we Wrocawiu,
Rolnictwo 303, 159-164 [in Polish].
Costa C., Dwyer M.L., Stewart W.D., Smith L.D., 2002. Nitrogen effects on grain yield and yield
components of leafy and nonleafy maize genotypes. Crop Sci. 42, 1556-1563.
D’Andrea E.K., Otegui E.M., Cirilo G.A., 2007. Kernel number determination differs among
maize hybrids in response to nitrogen. Field Crop Res. 105, 228-239.
Dubas A., 1988. Obsada rolin a produkcyjno kukurydzy [Density of plants and maize
productivity]. Mat. Konf. Obsada a produkcyjno rolin uprawnych, IUNG i PAN Puawy,
cz. I, 112-120 [in Polish].
Grzebisz W., 2008. Rola skadników mineralnych w realizacji potencjau plonotwórczego
kukurydzy [Role of mineral components in the realization of maize yield-forming potential].
Mat. Konf. Nauk. Problemy agrotechniki oraz wykorzystania kukurydzy i sorgo, UP Pozna,
50-61 [in Polish].
Grzebisz W., Gaj R., 2007. Zintegrowany system nawoenia kukurydzy [Integrated system of
maize fertilization]. [W:] Integrowana produkcja kukurydzy, pod red. Z. Kaniuczaka
i S. Pruszyskiego, IOR Pozna [in Polish].
Kruczek A., 1988. Okrelenie optymalnych dawek, sposobów i terminów stosowania nawozów
azotowych pod kukurydz uprawian na ziarno [Determination of optimal doses, methods and
terms of nitrogen fertilizers application under maize grown for grain]. Mat. Konf. Nauk. Stan
bada nad agrotechnik kukurydzy w Polsce, IUNG Puawy, cz. II, 19-24 [in Polish].
Kruczek A., 1997. Wpyw warunków pogodowych i nawoenia azotowego na rozwój i niektóre
cechy morfologiczne kukurydzy (Zea mays L.) [Effect of weather conditions and nitrogen
fertilization on the development of some morphological features of maize (Zea mays L.)].
Rocz. AR w Poznaniu, Rolnictwo CCXCV, 55-61 [in Polish].
Kruczek A., 2004. Skuteczno dwóch sposobów nawoenia kukurydzy nawozami azotowymi
i nawozem wieloskadnikowym w zalenoci od poziomu nawoenia azotem [Effectiveness
of two methods of maize fertilization with nitrogen fertilizers and a multicomponent fertilizer
depending on the level of nitrogen fertilization]. Fragm. Agron. 4(84), 55-73 [in Polish].
Mengel K., Kirkby A.E., 1983. Podstawy ywienia rolin [Bases of plant nutrition]. PWRiL
Warszawa [in Polish].
Mercik S., Stpie W., 1993. Dziaanie potasu przy rónym odczynie i zasobnoci gleb w magnez
w dowiadczeniach statycznych [Effect of potassium in different soil reactions and
magnesium availability in the soil in static experiments]. Zesz. Nauk. AR w Krakowie, Sesja
Nauk. 37, 15-26 [in Polish].
Subedi K.D., Ma B.L., 2005. Nitrogen uptake and partitioning in stay-green and leafy maize
hybrids. Crop Sci. 45, 740-747.
Sulewska H., 1990. Wpyw obsady i rozmieszczenia rolin na przebieg wegetacji i ksztatowanie
si cech morfologicznych kukurydzy [Effect of plant density and distribution on the course of
vegetation and the formation of morphological features of maize]. Wydzia Nauk Rol. Le.
PTPN, t. LXIX, 129-141 [in Polish].
Szele
nik E., 1988. Badania nad wpywem obsady rolin na plonowanie wybranych mieszaców
kukurydzy [Studies on the effect of plant density on the yielding of selected maize hybrids].
Mat. Konf. Nauk. Obsada a produktywno rolin uprawnych, IUNG Puawy, cz. III, 145-151
[in Polish].
Szele
nik E., 1991. Ksztatowanie si powierzchni liciowej kukurydzy w zalenoci od obsady
rolin [Formation of maize leaf surface area depending on plant density]. Fragm. Agron.,
Zesz. Spec. 2, 141-150 [in Polish].
Acta Sci. Pol.
75
Szulc P., Skrzypczak W., Waligóra H., 2008. Improvement of the effectiveness of maize
fertilization with nitrogen by the application of magnesium. Part I. Grain yield and its
structure [Improvement of the effectiveness of maize fertilization with nitrogen by the
application of magnesium. Part I. Grain yield and its structure]. Acta Sci. Pol., Agricultura
7(4) 125-135 [in Polish].
Uziak Z., Szymaska M., 1979. Wspódziaanie azotu, fosforu i siarki w pobieraniu mikroskadników przez bobik i kukurydz [Interaction of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in the
uptake of microcomponents by faba bean and maize]. Pam. Pu. 71, 39-51 [in Polish].
Wojcieska-Wyskupajtys U., 1996. Fizjologiczna rola azotu w ksztatowaniu plonu rolin. Cz. III.
ywienie rolin azotem a produktywno fotosyntezy [Physiological role of nitrogen in the
formation of plant yield. Part III. Plant nutrition with nitrogen and photosynthesis
productivity]. Post. Nauk Rol. 3, 29-43 [in Polish].
Wyszkowski M., 2001. Wpyw magnezu na ksztatowanie plonów i wzajemnych relacji midzy
niektórymi jonami w rolinach [Effect of magnesium on yield formation and on the mutual
relations between some ions in plants]. UWM Olsztyn, Rozprawy i monografie [in Polish].
WPYW NAWOENIA AZOTOWEGO I METODY STOSOWANIA
MAGNEZU NA ZAWARTO CHLOROFILU, GROMADZENIE
SKLADNIKÓW MINERALNYCH I NA MORFOLOGI DWÓCH TYPÓW
ODMIAN KUKURYDZY W POCZTKOWYM OKRESIE WZROSTU
CZ. III. CECHY MORFOLOGICZNE ROLIN
Streszczenie. Dowiadczenie polowe przeprowadzono w Zakadzie Dydaktyczno-Dowiadczalnym w Swadzimiu koo Poznania (52o26’ N; 16o45’ E) w latach 2004-2007.
Dowiadczenie prowadzono w ukadzie „split-plot” z 3 czynnikami w 4 powtórzeniach
polowych. Badano reakcj dwóch typów odmian kukurydzy na zrónicowane nawoenie
azotem oraz magnezem (sposób aplikacji dawki magnezu). Oceniano wpyw tych
czynników na zmian cech morfologicznych rolin i kolb oraz na stan ilociowy rolin.
Lepszym stanem ilociowym rolin charakteryzowa si mieszaniec LG 2244 (typ stay-green) ni Anjou 258. Roliny mieszaca LG 2244 w porównaniu z Anjou 258 byy
nisze, zawizay niej kolby produkcyjne, wyksztaciy mniejsz powierzchni asymilacyjn pojedynczej roliny i licia przykolbowego, mniejsz rednic kolb oraz dusze
kolby. Stwierdzono istotny wpyw wielkoci dawki azotu na zmian wartoci cech
morfologicznych rolin i kolb. Wielko dawki magnezu oraz sposób jej wysiewu
modyfikowa wysoko osadzenia kolb produkcyjnych na rolinie niezalenie od typu
odmiany i poziomu nawoenia azotowego.
Sowa kluczowe: azot, cechy morfologiczne rolin i kolb, magnez, sposób aplikacji
nawozu, stay-green, typy odmian kukurydzy
Accepted for print – Zaakceptowano do druku: 27.04.2009

effect of nitrogen fertilization and methods of magnesium application

Transkrypt

Podobne dokumenty

Full text

Pełny tekst