Ocean impact on offshore installations

Transkrypt

West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin
Faculty of Maritime Technology and Transportation
Chair of Structure, Mechanics and Ship Fabrication
Ocean impact on offshore installations
Szczecin, 05.10.2013
Tadeusz Graczyk, Ph. D.
1
About 4 600 000 000 years ago beginnings
of the Sun and the Solar System.
2
A thin shell on a Earth surface.
4 000 000 000 years ago Earth’s atmosphere mostly of steam.
3
Next steps:
• Decreasing temperature
• Condensing steam
• Raining
• Rivers
• Seas and oceans
• 3 800 000 000 years ago
first sedimentary rocks
4
At present:
• water covered 70 % of Earth’s area
• in Ocean – 98 % of water
• average level of water on a levelled
Earth will be 2440 m
5
At present:
• 13 tectonic plates floating on a semi-fluid jacked
6
World 225 million years ago
Drift of continents:
2 - 18 cm/ year
World today
7
Area of oceans and seas vs. latitude
Hypsographic curves show percentage of shape forms of the Earth surface
8
Height [m] of lands and depth [m] of waters on the Earth area [%]
9
Percentage quota of various surface forms of the Earth
10
Three big Oceans: Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean
11
Surface and volume of oceans vs. depth
Depth
[m]
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian Ocean
All oceans
- average depth
3332 m
- average depth
4028 m)
- average depth
3897 m)
- average depth
3795 m)
Area [1]
Volume
[2]
Area
Volume
Area
Volume
Area
Volume
0
106,4
354,7
179,7
723,7
74,9
291,9
361
1370,3
1000
84,7
259,1
164
550,5
69,4
219,7
318,1
1029,3
2000
79,1
177,2
156,9
388,8
66,9
151,6
302,9
717,6
3000
69,7
102,8
147,5
236,6
61,3
87,5
278,5
426,9
4000
50
43
114,3
105,7
43,4
35,1
207,7
183,8
5000
22,6
6,7
51
23,1
14,8
6
88,4
35,8
6000
0,64
0
3,2
0,2
0,3
0,1
4,14
0,3
7000
0
0
0,36
0
0
0
0,36
0
[1] area
x 106 km2
[2] volume x 106 km3
12
Physical properties of water
In the and of XVIII circle Henry Cavendish, English found:
water is not element but chemical compound consisting of 1
atom of oxygen and 2 atoms of hydrogen.
13
Water in 3 states of concentration: stable - ice, liquid - water
gas - steam. Mechanism - addition and putting out of heat.
14
Temperature
of water (ºC)
Calories/
1g of water
condensation point (dew point),
0
596,0
evaporation and melting heat,
10
590,8
20
585,6
30
580,4
viscosity and surface tension,
40
575,2
density,
50
567,5
60
563,2
70
557,5
80
551,7
90
545,8
100
539,5
110
532,9
120
525,7
Characteristic properties:
heat capacity,
ability to solve other substances and their
impact on water properties,
ability to tranfer energy (light, sound,
heat).
15
Refraction
of light ray
in water.
Change of coefficient of decreasing sun light
stream vs. increasing depth.
Increasing and decreasing
volume of 1 gram of water
caused by change of
temperature.
16
Change of
direction of
acoustic
waves
penetrating
water layers of
different
density.
Course of point of freezing and the
highest density of water vs. Temperature
and salinity.
Lay-out of oceanic deep
water sound canal named
SOFAR.
17
Chemical composition of water
Main oceanic basin contains app.:
salt - 3,5% and water - 96.5%
1kg sea water = 35 grams of salt and 965 grams of water
86% of salt in sea water = Na cations (30%) & Cl anions (55%).
99,36% of salt in sea water = ions of sulphates + Mg+ Ca+K
and Na+Cl
0,64% of water substance = tracing elements (stable elements,
their quantity does not depend on water salinity).
18
Ion
Symbol
g/kg
weight %
chlorine
Cl
19,35
55,07
sodium
Na
10,76
30,62
sulphates
SO
2,71
7,72
magnezium
Mg
1,29
3,68
calcium
Ca
0,41
1,17
potasium
K
0,39
1,1
0,14
0,4
Wodorowęglany HCO3
bromium
Br
0,067
0,19
strontium
Sr
0,008
0,02
borium
B
0 004
0 01
fluorium
F
0,001
0,01
Summa
99,99
99,36%
19
Element
Symbol
Concentration
ug/kg
Aluminium
Al
5,4x10
Antymon
Sb
1,5x10
Arsen
As
1,7
Bar
Ba
1,37x10
Bizmut
Bi
=<1,37x10
Kadm
Cd
8,0x10
Cer
Ce
2,8x10
Cez
Cs
2,9x10
Chrom
Cr
2,0x10
Kobalt
Co
1,0x10
Copper
Cu
2,5 x10
Gal
Ga
2,0x10
German
Ge
5,1 x10
Gold
Au
4,9x10
Ind
In
1,0x10
Jod
I
5,0 x10
Iron
Fe
6,0x10
-1
-1
1
-2
-3
-1
-1
-3
-1
-2
-3
-3
-4
1
-2
-3
Lantan
La
4,2x10
Lead
Pb
2,1 x10
Lit
Li
1,7x10
-3
2
-5
Element
Symbo
l
Concentration
ug/kg
Mangan
Mn
3,0x10
Mercury
Hg
1,0x10
Molibden
Mo
1,1 x10
Nickel
Ni
5,0x10
Niob
Nb
=<(4,6x10 )
Protaktyn
Pa
5,0x10
Rad
Ra
7,0x10
Rubid
Rb
1,2x10
Skand
Sc
6,7x10
Selen
Se
1,3x10
Silver
Ag
2,7 x10
Tal
Tl
1,2x10
Tor
Th
(1,0x10 )
Tin
Sn
5,0x10
Tytan
Ti
=< (9,6x10 )
Wolfram
W
9,0 x10
Uran
U
3,2
Wanad
V
1,58
Itr
Y
1,3x10
Zinc
Zn
4,0x10
Elements of rare soils
-2
-3
1
-1
-3
-8
-8
2
-4
-1
-3
-2
-2
-4
-1
-2
-2
-1
(0,5-3,0) x10
20
-3
Directions of loading and unloading salts in ocean water
21
Dissolved gases in sea water from:
• air,
• chemical and biological processes in water & on the bottom,
• underwater volcanoes.
Volume
percentage
in surface ocean
water
Volume
percentage in
ocean
Gas
Symbol
Volume
percentage
in atmosphere
Nitrogen
N2
78,03
48
11
Oxygen
O2
20,99
36
6
Carbon dioxide
CO2
0,03
15
83
Argon, hel, neon
and others
Ar, He, Ne
0,95
1
100
100
Summa
100
22
Circulation of gases in sea water
23
Stratification of ocean waters, currents, waves, tides
Waters stratification depends of temperature distribution
in the abyss. The water temperature depends on:
sun radiation level,
Year progress of sun radiation,
Heat balance and heat capacity of ocean water,
Water density circulation,
Ascending and descending water currents.
24
Sun radiation quantity vs. return radiation
depending on latitude.
Average level of sun radiation vs. latitude
and year seasons.
25
Density distribution of sea water
Sea water temperature
distribution vs. latitude.
26
Water density increases going down –
N-E part of Pacific Ocean.
Temperature and salinity of sea water
vs. depth - N-E part of Pacific Ocean.
27
Ascending and descending currents causing currents on the sea surface.
28
Surface currents are caused by a wind and influenced by Earth rotation.
Eckman flow.
29
Main currents in the Ocean
30
Main surface currents in the Ocean
31
Convergences
& divergences
32
Satellite picture of water
temperature in region of
the Gulf Current
Florida Penisula
Cuba
33
Waves creation requires disturbance force. The most frequent force is
wind affecting through friction between still water and air.
Two strengths restore equilibrium of water surface, i. e.:
• gravitation,
• surface tension.
34
Wave description :
length,
height,
steepness ,
amplitude ,
period,
velocity,
Wave approximation by sinusoid wave.
energy.
35
Waves:
deep water wave, when D> L/2,
shallow water wave, when D<= L/20.
36
deepwater waves
intermediate waves
shallow water waves
.
In shallow water elliptical routes of water
particles (influenced by
sea bottom).
37
Dyspersja fal.
Wave height
v.s. wave
energy.
Dodatnia i ujemna interferencja
jednakowych ciągów fal.
38
Regular tides:
- 24 hours tide,
- 12 hours tide.
Mixed tides – different height of high tide and low tide,
different time of tide.
39
40
Gravity of Earth and Moon interact.
41
Centrifugal forces interact on centers
of Earth and Moon masses.
42
Gravity and centrifugal forces interacting between center of
Sun mass and center of Earth-Moon system mass.
43
Moon tide
44
Sun tide
45
Low tide and high tide in Rocks Provincial Park, Hopewell Cape,
New Brunswick, Canada. 10 m difference of water level.
46
Life in the Ocean
Great variety of alive organisms.
Most of species present near surface in water of 200 m depth.
Oceany zamieszkuje wilka różnorodność organizmów żywych. W wodzie spotykamy
bakterie o rozmiarach tysięcznych części milimetra, ale także największe zwierzę,
jakie kiedykolwiek żyło na naszej planecie – płetwala błękitnego. Mieszkańcy mórz
mają różne rozmiary i kształty. Ponadto każdy żywy organizm odżywia się i rozmnaża
na swój sposób. Jednym z powodów tego zróżnicowania – dużo większego niż na
lądzie - jest łatwy dostęp do głębin morskich. Zwiększa to dostępną do życia
przestrzeń około 250 razy. Większość życia koncentruje się jednak w 200-metrowej
przypowierzchniowej warstwie, gdzie dochodzi światło słoneczne. W tej płytkiej
strefie życie skupia się w wodach przybrzeżnych szelfu kontynentalnego.
47
Life in the Ocean
Life on the edge
48
Life in the Ocean
49
Life in the Ocean
50
Life in the Ocean
51
Human being and the Ocean
Mining in 19. century of:
oil, natural gas, boulders, stones, gravel, sand.
Now and in the future: polimetalic nodules, food.
52
Polimetalic nodules now and in the future:
53
Human being and the Ocean
Different floating and stable objects:
- drilling rigs,
- exploitation rigs,
- oil production ships,
- dredges,
- molluscs farms.
54
Dredges
55
Bibliography
Thank you for your attention
1. Duxbury A., Ducbury A., Sverdrup K.: Oceany świata, PWN,
Warszawa 2002.
2. Duxbury A. C., Duxbury A.B., Sverdrup K.A.: An introduction to the
World’s Oceans, the Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000.
3. Byatt A., Fothergill A., Holmes M.: Błękitna planeta.
4. Graczyk T.: own study materials of the problem.
5. Kapella Tomasz: Oceanotechnka, gr.41, sem 8, 2005 –
Charakterystyka oceanów
6. http://oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu/
7. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/jsdisplay/
Tadeusz Graczyk
56

Ocean impact on offshore installations

Transkrypt

Podobne dokumenty